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{{DISPLAYTITLE:tr}}


=  Linux- tr =
'''tr''' - in Texte systematisch Zeichen durch andere Zeichen ersetzen


== Linux- tr ==
== Beschreibung ==
Der Befehl tr (von translate = umwandeln oder transliterate = transliterieren) dient dazu, in Texten systematisch Zeichen durch andere Zeichen zu ersetzen. So ist es beispielweise möglich, alle Großbuchstaben einer Datei durch Kleinbuchstaben zu ersetzen oder mehrere aufeinander folgende Leerzeichen durch ein einziges zu ersetzen. Für komplexere Ersetzungen, beispielsweise  für ganze Wörter, empfiehlt sich das wesentlich mächtigere [https://wiki.ubuntuusers.de/sed/ sed].


Der Befehl tr (von '''tr'''anslate = umwandeln oder '''tr'''ansliterate = transliterieren) dient dazu, in Texten systematisch Zeichen durch andere Zeichen zu ersetzen. So ist es beispielweise möglich, alle Großbuchstaben einer Datei durch Kleinbuchstaben zu ersetzen oder mehrere aufeinander folgende Leerzeichen durch ein einziges zu ersetzen. Für komplexere Ersetzungen, z.B. für ganze Wörter, empfiehlt sich das wesentlich mächtigere [https://wiki.ubuntuusers.de/sed/ sed].  
tr ist ein [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix-Kommando Unix-Kommando], dessen Name eine Abkürzung für translate (deutsch: übersetzen) ist, das bestimmte Zeichen aus einem Datenstrom ersetzt oder entfernt.


===  Aufruf ===
Das Werkzeug liest den Datenstrom der [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardeingabe Standardeingabe], schreibt auf die [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardausgabe Standardausgabe] und benötigt je nach Modus ein (Löschen und Komprimieren) oder zwei (Ersetzen) Argumente.


Die allgemeine Syntax lautet [https://wiki.ubuntuusers.de/tr/#source-1 [1]]:
Sollen Zeichen ersetzt werden, werden zwei Argumente benötigt, zuerst die zu ersetzenden Zeichen, im zweiten die neuen.


tr OPTION ZEICHENFOLGE1 ZEICHENFOLGE2
Abhängig von der Art der Arbeit, die Sie auf der Kommandozeile unter Linux erledigen, können Sie ein Dienstprogramm wünschen, das als Schweizer Taschenmesser für die schnelle Textbearbeitung fungieren kann. Gerne gibt es ein Tool namens tr, das sich für diese Rolle qualifiziert. In diesem Tutorial werden wir die Grundlagen von tr anhand einiger leicht verständlicher Beispiele diskutieren.


<tt>tr</tt> kennt folgende Optionen:
Aber bevor wir das tun, ist es erwähnenswert, dass alle Beispiele in diesem Artikel auf einem Ubuntu 18.04 LTS-Rechner getestet wurden.


tr is a very useful UNIX command. It is used to transform string or delete characters from the string. Various type of transformation can be done by using this command, such as searching and replacing text, transforming string from uppercase to lowercase or vice versa, removing repeated characters from the string und weitere The command can be used for some complicated transformation also. The different uses of tr command are shown in this tutorial.


{| class="wikitable sortable"
So erklärt es die Man Page des Tools:
|-
| colspan="2" | Optionen von <tt>tr</tt>
|-
|| Option
|| Beschreibung
|-
|| <tt>-c</tt>, <tt>-C</tt> oder <tt>--complement</tt>
|| Komplement der angegebenen Zeichenfolge
|-
|| <tt>-d</tt> oder <tt>--delete</tt>
|| Löschen (nicht Ersetzen) von Zeichen
|-
|| <tt>-s</tt> oder <tt>--squeeze-repeats</tt>
|| Mehrere identische aufeinanderfolgende Zeichen durch ein einzelnes ersetzen
|-
|| <tt>-t</tt> oder <tt>--truncate-set1</tt>
|| Beschneide zunächst den ersten Datensatz auf die Länge des zweiten Datensatzes
|-
|}
Weitere Optionen sind der [https://wiki.ubuntuusers.de/man/ Manpage] zu entnehmen.


Von <tt>tr</tt> werden folgende Angaben als Befehle interpretiert:
Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from standard input, writing to standard output.


 
== Anwendungen ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
=== Einfaches Beispiel ===
|-
Ersetzen eines Buchstabens durch einen anderen
| colspan="2" | Von <tt>tr</tt> interpretierte Befehlssequenzen
echo Maus | tr M H
|-
|| Option
|| Beschreibung
|-
|| <tt>\\</tt>
|| Backslash
|-
|| <tt>\b</tt>
|| Rücktaste
|-
|| <tt>\n</tt>
|| Zeilenumbruch
|-
|| <tt>\t</tt>
|| Horizontaler Tab
|-
|| <tt>ZEICHEN1-ZEICHEN 2</tt>
|| Alle Zeichen von ZEICHEN 1 bis ZEICHEN2
|-
|| <tt>[:alpha:]</tt>
|| Alle Buchstaben
|-
|| <tt>[:blank:]</tt>
|| Alle horizontalen Leerzeichen
|-
|| <tt>[:digit:]</tt>
|| Alle Zahlen
|-
|| <tt>[:lower:]</tt>
|| Alle Kleinbuchstuben
|-
|| <tt>[:upper:]</tt>
|| Alle Großbuchstaben
|-
|}
Weitere Angaben sind der [https://wiki.ubuntuusers.de/man/ Manpage] zu entnehmen. Man beachte, dass die [https://wiki.ubuntuusers.de/Zsh/ Zsh] die eckigen Klammern z.B. in <tt>[:blank:]</tt> als Wildcard-Parameter interpretiert und sie daher nicht an <tt>tr</tt> weitergibt. Benutzer der Zsh sollten solche Argument daher in einfache oder doppelte Anführungszeichen einschließen.
 
=== Beispiele ===
 
Ein einfaches Beispiel ist das Ersetzen eines Buchstabens durch einen anderen:
 
echo Maus | tr M H  
  Haus
  Haus


Mit folgendem Befehl werden Groß- in Kleinbuchstaben umgewandelt:  
Mit folgendem Befehl werden Groß- in Kleinbuchstaben umgewandelt:
 
echo 'FLÜSTERN' | tr A-ZÄÖÜ a-zäöü
echo 'FLÜSTERN' | tr A-ZÄÖÜ a-zäöü  
 
oder auch
 
echo 'FLÜSTERN' | tr [:upper:]ÄÖÜ [:lower:]äöü


ergibt
oder auch
echo 'FLÜSTERN' | tr [:upper:]ÄÖÜ [:lower:]äöü


flüstern
ergibt
flüstern


… und umgekehrt:
… und umgekehrt:
 
echo 'schreien' | tr a-zäöü A-ZÄÖÜ
echo 'schreien' | tr a-zäöü A-ZÄÖÜ  
  SCHREIEN
  SCHREIEN


Bestimmte Zeichen, hier alle Zahlen in der Datei '''datei.txt''', lassen sich mit der Option <tt>-d</tt> löschen:  
Bestimmte Zeichen, hier alle Zahlen in der Datei datei.txt, lassen sich mit der Option <tt>-d</tt> löschen:
tr -d '0-9' < datei.txt


tr -d '0-9' < datei.txt
Soll aus mehrere aufeinanderfolgenden Leerzeichen ein einzelnes gemacht werden, kann man die Option <tt>-s</tt> verwenden:
 
echo 'd b' |tr -s ' '
Soll aus mehrere aufeinanderfolgenden Leerzeichen ein einzelnes gemacht werden, kann man die Option <tt>-s</tt> verwenden:  
 
echo 'd     b' |tr -s ' '  
  d b
  d b


Um alle Zeichen zu entfernen, die '''nicht''' einer bestimmten Zeichengruppe angehören, kann die Option <tt>-c</tt> benutzt werden. Im folgenden Beispiel werden alle Zeichen entfernt, die keine Buchstaben sind:
Um alle Zeichen zu entfernen, die nicht einer bestimmten Zeichengruppe angehören, kann die Option <tt>-c</tt> benutzt werden. Im folgenden Beispiel werden alle Zeichen entfernt, die keine Buchstaben sind:
 
echo 'Die drei ??? treffen die 12 Geschworenen!' | tr -cd '[:alpha:]' > datei
echo 'Die drei ??? treffen die 12 Geschworenen!' | tr -cd '[:alpha:]' > datei  
  cat datei
  cat datei  
  DiedreitreffendieGeschworenen
  DiedreitreffendieGeschworenen


Mit Hilfe von tr lässt sich ein Text auch sehr leicht [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rot13 Rot13] chiffrieren und dechiffieren:
Mit Hilfe von tr lässt sich ein Text auch sehr leicht [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rot13 Rot13] chiffrieren und dechiffieren:
 
echo 'Morgen bringen wir Cäsar um' | tr [a-zA-Z] [n-za-mN-ZA-M]
echo 'Morgen bringen wir Cäsar um' | tr [a-zA-Z] [n-za-mN-ZA-M]  
  Zbetra oevatra jve Päfne hz
  Zbetra oevatra jve Päfne hz


Und wieder zurück:
Und wieder zurück:
 
echo 'Zbetra oevatra jve Päfne hz' | tr [a-zA-Z] [n-za-mN-ZA-M]
echo 'Zbetra oevatra jve Päfne hz' | tr [a-zA-Z] [n-za-mN-ZA-M]  
  Morgen bringen wir Cäsar um
  Morgen bringen wir Cäsar um


Um in einer Datei Zeichen zu ändern und das Ergebnis in eine zweite Datei zu schreiben, können [https://wiki.ubuntuusers.de/Shell/Umleitungen/ Umleitungen] eingesetzt werden. Mit dem folgenden Befehl werden alle Vorkommen des Buchstabens a in '''datei1''' in den Buchstaben b umgewandelt und das Ergebnis in '''datei2''' geschrieben:  
Um in einer Datei Zeichen zu ändern und das Ergebnis in eine zweite Datei zu schreiben, können [https://wiki.ubuntuusers.de/Shell/Umleitungen/ Umleitungen] eingesetzt werden. Mit dem folgenden Befehl werden alle Vorkommen des Buchstabens a in datei1 in den Buchstaben b umgewandelt und das Ergebnis in datei2 geschrieben:
 
tr a b < datei1 > datei2
tr a b < datei1 > datei2  
 
Der folgende Befehl entfernt alle Wagenrückläufe („Carriage Return“, mehr unter [https://wiki.ubuntuusers.de/Zeichensatz-Konverter/ Zeichensatz-Konverter]) und konvertiert so eine Datei '''datei1''' vom Windows- in das Unixformat:


tr -d '\r' < datei1 > ausgabedatei  
Der folgende Befehl entfernt alle Wagenrückläufe ("Carriage Return", mehr unter [https://wiki.ubuntuusers.de/Zeichensatz-Konverter/ Zeichensatz-Konverter]) und konvertiert so eine Datei datei1 vom Windows- in das Unixformat:
tr -d '\r' < datei1 > ausgabedatei


Alle mehrfach aufeinander folgenden Zeilenumbrüche („new line“) in '''datei1''' werden in jeweils einen umgewandelt:  
Alle mehrfach aufeinander folgenden Zeilenumbrüche ("new line") in datei1 werden in jeweils einen umgewandelt:
tr -s '\n' < datei1 > ausgabedatei


tr -s '\n' < datei1 > ausgabedatei
Der folgende Befehl führt dazu, dass alle kommaseparierten Elemente einer [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSV_(Dateiformat) CSV]-Datei datei.csv jeweils in einer neuen Zeile erscheinen:
 
tr ',' '\n' < datei.csv
Der folgende Befehl führt dazu, dass alle kommaseparierten Elemente einer [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSV_(Dateiformat) CSV]-Datei '''datei.csv''' jeweils in einer neuen Zeile erscheinen:  
 
tr ',' '\n' < datei.csv  
 
==  tr ==
 
'''tr''' ist ein [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix-Kommando Unix-Kommando], dessen Name eine Abkürzung für ''translate'' (''deutsch:'' übersetzen) ist, das bestimmte Zeichen aus einem Datenstrom ersetzt oder entfernt.
 
Das Werkzeug liest den Datenstrom der [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardeingabe Standardeingabe], schreibt auf die [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardausgabe Standardausgabe] und benötigt je nach Modus ein (Löschen und Komprimieren) oder zwei (Ersetzen) Argumente.
 
Sollen Zeichen ersetzt werden, werden zwei Argumente benötigt, zuerst die zu ersetzenden Zeichen, im zweiten die neuen.
 
Beispiel:


Beispiel:
  $ echo Meyer | tr y i
  $ echo Meyer | tr y i
Meier
Meier


Es sind mehrfache Ersetzungen einzelner Zeichen auf einmal möglich. Z.B. ersetzt  
Es sind mehrfache Ersetzungen einzelner Zeichen auf einmal möglich. Z.B. ersetzt
tr 'abcd' 'jkmn'


tr 'abcd' 'jkmn'
alle vorkommenden a durch j, b durch k und weitere


alle vorkommenden ''a'' durch ''j'', ''b'' durch ''k'' usw.
Im Alphabet aufeinanderfolgende Zeichen lassen sich dabei mit einem Bindestrich angeben:
tr 'a-d' 'jkmn'


Im Alphabet aufeinanderfolgende Zeichen lassen sich dabei mit einem Bindestrich angeben:  
Mit dem Operator s werden alle hintereinander folgenden identischen Zeichen durch ein einzelnes ersetzt. Beispiel:
echo muuuuh | tr -s u
muh


tr 'a-d' 'jkmn'
Der Operand d löscht alle im ersten Argument angegebenen Zeichen
tr -d '\r'


Mit dem Operator ''s'' werden alle hintereinander folgenden identischen Zeichen durch ein einzelnes ersetzt. Beispiel:
wobei \r für ein Carriage Return (Bytewert 13) steht. Mit diesem Befehl wird dieses unter Unix nicht verwendete Umbruchzeichen ersatzlos entfernt.


echo muuuuh | tr -s u
Ist ein c angegeben, so gilt die Umkehrung, also hier
muh
tr -cd '[:alnum:]'


Der Operand ''d'' löscht alle im ersten Argument angegebenen Zeichen
wobei der Ausdruck [:alnum:] für alle alphanumerischen Zeichen steht. Somit werden alle nicht alphanumerischen Zeichen entfernt.
 
tr -d '\r'
 
wobei \r für ein Carriage Return (Bytewert 13) steht. Mit diesem Befehl wird dieses unter Unix nicht verwendete Umbruchzeichen ersatzlos entfernt.
 
Ist ein ''c'' angegeben, so gilt die Umkehrung, also hier
 
tr -cd '[:alnum:]'
 
wobei der Ausdruck [:alnum:] für alle alphanumerischen Zeichen steht. Somit werden alle nicht alphanumerischen Zeichen entfernt.  
 
==  tr für Anfänger ==
 
Abhängig von der Art der Arbeit, die Sie auf der Kommandozeile unter Linux erledigen, können Sie ein Dienstprogramm wünschen, das als Schweizer Taschenmesser für die schnelle Textbearbeitung fungieren kann. Gerne gibt es ein Tool namens tr, das sich für diese Rolle qualifiziert. In diesem Tutorial werden wir die Grundlagen von tr anhand einiger leicht verständlicher Beispiele diskutieren.
 
Aber bevor wir das tun, ist es erwähnenswert, dass alle Beispiele in diesem Artikel auf einem Ubuntu 18.04 LTS-Rechner getestet wurden.
 
So erklärt es die Man Page des Tools:
 
Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from standard input, writing to standard output.
 
Und folgendes ist seine Syntax:
 
tr [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2]
 
hier ist, was SET bedeutet:
 
SETs are specified as strings of characters.&nbsp; Most represent themselves.&nbsp; Interpreted sequences are:
\NNN&nbsp;&nbsp; character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 octal digits)
\\&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; backslash
\a&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; audible BEL
\b&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; backspace
\f&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; form feed
\n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; new line
\r&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; return
\t&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; horizontal tab
\v&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; vertical tab
 
===  Klein- in Großbuchstaben ===
 
Angenommen, du möchtest den Satz „linux tutorial on howtoforge“ in Großbuchstaben konvertieren, dann ist hier, wie du dies mit tr tun kannst.
 
echo 'linux tutorial on howtoforge' | tr "[:lower:]" "[:upper:]"
 
Der obige Befehl erzeugte die folgende Ausgabe auf meinem System:
 
LINUX TUTORIAL ON HOWTOFORGE
 
===  Zusätzliche Räume abstreifen ===
 
Angenommen, Sie haben eine Zeile wie: „HowtoForge ist eine extrem gute Ressource für Linux-Tutorials“. Und die Anforderung ist, zusätzliche Räume von dieser Linie zu entfernen.
 
Hier ist, wie du tr verwenden kannst, um dies zu tun:
 
echo 'HowtoForge&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; is an extremely&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; good resource for&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Linux tutorials' | tr -s '[:space:]'
 
Hier ist die Ausgabe:
 
HowtoForge is an extremely good resource for Linux tutorials
 
===  Text löschen ===
 
Angenommen, Sie möchten die Bindestriche aus der folgenden Zeile löschen: „HowtoForge — ist — ein — extrem — gut — Ressource — für — Linux — Tutorials.“ Dann ist hier, wie Sie dies mit tr tun können.
 
echo 'HowtoForge -- is -- an -- extremely -- good -- resource -- for -- Linux -- tutorials' | tr -d '-'
 
Es folgt der Output, den es produziert:
 
HowtoForge&nbsp; is&nbsp; an&nbsp; extremely&nbsp; good&nbsp; resource&nbsp; for&nbsp; Linux&nbsp; tutorials
 
===  Zeichen ersetzen ===
 
Im vorherigen Abschnitt nehmen wir an, dass die Anforderung darin bestand, Bindestriche durch, sagen wir, Punkte zu ersetzen. Dann ist hier, wie du das mit tr machen kannst.
 
echo 'HowtoForge -- is -- an -- extremely -- good -- resource -- for -- Linux -- tutorials' | tr '-' '.'
 
Es folgt der Output, den es produziert hat:
 
HowtoForge .. is .. an .. extremely .. good .. resource .. for .. Linux .. tutorials
 
==  tr ==
 
'''tr''' is a very useful UNIX command. It is used to transform string or delete characters from the string. Various type of transformation can be done by using this command, such as searching and replacing text, transforming string from uppercase to lowercase or vice versa, removing repeated characters from the string etc. The command can be used for some complicated transformation also. The different uses of '''tr '''command are shown in this tutorial.
 
'''Syntax:'''
 
'''tr [option] stringValue1 [stringValue2]'''
 
'''option''' and '''stringValue2''' are optional for '''tr''' command. You can use '''-c, -s''' and '''-d''' option with '''tr '''command to do different types of tasks.
 
===  Change case ===


==== Change case ====
You can change the case of the string very easily by using tr command. To define uppercase, you can use [:upper:] or [A-Z] and to define lowercase you can define [:lower:] or [a-z].
You can change the case of the string very easily by using tr command. To define uppercase, you can use [:upper:] or [A-Z] and to define lowercase you can define [:lower:] or [a-z].


tr command can be used in the following way to convert any string from uppercase to lowercase.
tr command can be used in the following way to convert any string from uppercase to lowercase.
 
tr [:upper:] [:lower:]
'''tr [:upper:] [:lower:]'''


You can use tr command in the following way also to convert any string from lowercase to uppercase.
You can use tr command in the following way also to convert any string from lowercase to uppercase.
tr a-z A-Z


'''tr a-z A-Z'''
Run the following command to convert every small letter of the string,’linuxhint’ into the capital letter.
 
Run the following command to convert every small letter of the string,’'''linuxhint'''’ into the capital letter.
 
  $ echo linuxhint | tr [:lower:] [:upper:]
  $ echo linuxhint | tr [:lower:] [:upper:]


You can apply tr command for converting the content of any text file from upper to lower or lower to upper. Suppose, you have text file named, '''items.txt '''with the following contents.# Monitor  
You can apply tr command for converting the content of any text file from upper to lower or lower to upper. Suppose, you have text file named, items.txt with the following contents.
# Keyboard  
# Monitor
# Mouse  
# Keyboard
# Scanner  
# Mouse
# HDD  
# Scanner
 
# HDD
 


Run the following commands from the terminal to display the content of items.txt and the output of tr command after converting the content of that file from lower to upper case. The following tr command will not modify the original content of the file.
Run the following commands from the terminal to display the content of items.txt and the output of tr command after converting the content of that file from lower to upper case. The following tr command will not modify the original content of the file.
  $ cat items.txt
  $ cat items.txt
  $ tr a-z A-Z < items.txt
  $ tr a-z A-Z < items.txt


You can run the following command to store the output of the '''tr''' command into another file named ‘'''output.txt'''’.
You can run the following command to store the output of the tr command into another file named ‘output.txt’.
 
  $ tr [:upper:] [:lower:] < items.txt > output.txt
  $ tr [:upper:] [:lower:] < items.txt > output.txt
  $ cat output.txt
  $ cat output.txt


=== Translate character ===
==== Translate character ====
 
tr command can be used to search and replace any particular character from any text. The following command is used to convert each space of the text, "Welcome to Linuxhint" by newline (\n).
tr command can be used to search and replace any particular character from any text. The following command is used to convert each space of the text, “'''Welcome to Linuxhint'''” by newline (\n).


  $ echo "Welcome To Linuxhint" | tr [:space:] '\n'
  $ echo "Welcome To Linuxhint" | tr [:space:] '\n'


=== –c option ===
==== -c option ====
 
tr command can be used with -c option to replace those characters with the second character that don’t match with the first character value. In the following example, tr command is used to search those characters in the string ‘bash’ that don’t match with the character ‘b’ and replace them by ‘a’. The output is ‘baaaa’. Four characters are converted here. These are ,’a’,’s’,’h’ and ‘\n’.
tr command can be used with -c option to replace those characters with the second character that don’t match with the first character value. In the following example, tr command is used to search those characters in the string ‘'''bash'''’ that don’t match with the character ‘'''b'''’ and replace them by ‘'''a'''’. The output is ‘'''baaaa'''’. Four characters are converted here. These are ,’a’,’s’,’h’ and ‘\n’.
 
  $ echo "bash" | tr -c 'b' 'a'
  $ echo "bash" | tr -c 'b' 'a'


=== –s option ===
==== -s option ====
 
tr command uses -s option for search and replace any string from a text. In the following example, space (‘ ‘) is replaced by tab (‘\t’).
tr command uses '''–s '''option for search and replace any string from a text. In the following example, space (‘ ‘) is replaced by tab (‘\t’).
 
  $ echo "BASH Programming" | tr -s ' ' '\t'
  $ echo "BASH Programming" | tr -s ' ' '\t'


You can use both -c and -s options together with tr command. In the following example, the range of small letter is used as the first string value. For –c option, tr command will search and replace each capital letter by newline (‘\n’) of the file, '''items.txt''' and store the output of the command in the file, '''output.txt'''.
You can use both -c and -s options together with tr command. In the following example, the range of small letter is used as the first string value. For -c option, tr command will search and replace each capital letter by newline (‘\n’) of the file, items.txt and store the output of the command in the file, output.txt.
 
  $ cat items.txt
  $ cat items.txt
  $ tr -cs [a-z] "\n" < items.txt > output.txt
  $ tr -cs [a-z] "\n" < items.txt > output.txt
  $ cat output.txt
  $ cat output.txt


=== –d option ===
==== -d option ====
 
-d option used with tr command to search and delete any character or string from a text. In the following example, tr command will search ‘P’, ‘y’ and ‘t’ in the string "Python is a Programming language" and delete those characters.
'''-d''' option used with tr command to search and delete any character or string from a text.&nbsp; In the following example, tr command will search ‘'''P'''’, ‘'''y’''' and ‘'''t'''’ in the string “'''Python is a Programming language”''' and delete those characters.
 
  $ echo "Python is a Programming language" | tr -d 'Pyt'
  $ echo "Python is a Programming language" | tr -d 'Pyt'


'''-c''' option can be used with '''–d''' option in the tr command to complement the search like precious –cs command. In the following example, tr command with '''–cd''' will search all non-digit characters from the string, “'''Phone No: 985634854'''” and delete them.
-c option can be used with -d option in the tr command to complement the search like precious -cs command. In the following example, tr command with -cd will search all non-digit characters from the string, "Phone No: 985634854" and delete them.
 
  $ echo "Phone No: 985634854" | tr -cd '0-9'
  $ echo "Phone No: 985634854" | tr -cd '0-9'


In a similar way, you can run use '''-cd''' option in '''tr''' command like the following command to remove the non-printable characters from a file. No nonprintable character exists in '''items.txt'''. So the output will be the same as the file content.
In a similar way, you can run use -cd option in tr command like the following command to remove the non-printable characters from a file. No nonprintable character exists in items.txt. So the output will be the same as the file content.
 
  $ tr -cd "[:print:]" < items.txt
  $ tr -cd "[:print:]" < items.txt


=== Conclusion ===
==== lower case to upper case ====
 
The basic uses of '''tr '''command are explained here by using various examples. Hope, this tutorial will help you to learn the purposes of using this command.
 
===  Linux tr command ===
 
Depending on the kind of work you do on the command line in Linux, you may want a utility that can act as a Swiss army knife of quick text editing. Gladly, there exists a tool dubbed tr, which qualifies for this role. In this tutorial, we will discuss the basics of tr using some easy to understand examples.
 
Here's how the tool's man page explains it:
 
Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from standard input, writing to standard output.
 
And following is its syntax:
 
tr [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2]
 
here's what SET means:
 
<tt>SETs are specified as strings of characters.&nbsp; Most represent themselves.&nbsp; Interpreted sequences are:</tt>
 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \NNN&nbsp;&nbsp; character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 octal digits)
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \\&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; backslash
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \a&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; audible BEL
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \b&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; backspace
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \f&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; form feed
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \n&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; new line
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \r&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; return
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \t&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; horizontal tab
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \v&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; vertical tab
 
===  lower case to upper case ===
 
Suppose you want to convert the sentence "linux tutorial on howtoforge" to uppercase, then here's how you can do this using tr.
Suppose you want to convert the sentence "linux tutorial on howtoforge" to uppercase, then here's how you can do this using tr.
 
echo 'linux tutorial on howtoforge' | tr "[:lower:]" "[:upper:]"
echo 'linux tutorial on howtoforge' | tr "[:lower:]" "[:upper:]"


The above command produced the following output on my system:
The above command produced the following output on my system:
LINUX TUTORIAL ON HOWTOFORGE


LINUX TUTORIAL ON HOWTOFORGE
==== Strip extra spaces ====
 
Suppose you have a line like: "HowtoForge is an extremely good resource for Linux tutorials". And the requirement is to strip extra spaces from this line.
=== Strip extra spaces ===
 
Suppose you have a line like: "HowtoForge&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; is an extremely &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; good resource for &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Linux tutorials". And the requirement is to strip extra spaces from this line.


Here's how you can use tr to do this:
Here's how you can use tr to do this:
$ '''echo 'HowtoForge is an extremely good resource for Linux tutorials' | tr -s '[:space:]' '''
HowtoForge is an extremely good resource for Linux tutorials


echo 'HowtoForge&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; is an extremely&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; good resource for&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Linux tutorials' | tr -s '[:space:]'
==== Delete text ====
 
Here's the output:
 
HowtoForge is an extremely good resource for Linux tutorials
 
=== Delete text ===
 
Suppose you want to delete the hyphens from the following line: "HowtoForge -- is -- an -- extremely -- good -- resource -- for -- Linux -- tutorials." Then here's how you can do this using tr.
Suppose you want to delete the hyphens from the following line: "HowtoForge -- is -- an -- extremely -- good -- resource -- for -- Linux -- tutorials." Then here's how you can do this using tr.
 
echo 'HowtoForge -- is -- an -- extremely -- good -- resource -- for -- Linux -- tutorials' | tr -d '-'
echo 'HowtoForge -- is -- an -- extremely -- good -- resource -- for -- Linux -- tutorials' | tr -d '-'


Following is the output it produces:
Following is the output it produces:
HowtoForge is an extremely good resource for Linux tutorials


HowtoForge&nbsp; is&nbsp; an&nbsp; extremely&nbsp; good&nbsp; resource&nbsp; for&nbsp; Linux&nbsp; tutorials
==== Replace characters ====
 
=== Replace characters ===


In the previous section, suppose the requirement was to replace hyphens with, let's say, dots. Then here's how you can do that using tr.
In the previous section, suppose the requirement was to replace hyphens with, let's say, dots. Then here's how you can do that using tr.
 
echo 'HowtoForge -- is -- an -- extremely -- good -- resource -- for -- Linux -- tutorials' | tr '-' '.'
echo 'HowtoForge -- is -- an -- extremely -- good -- resource -- for -- Linux -- tutorials' | tr '-' '.'


Following is the output it produced:
Following is the output it produced:
HowtoForge .. is .. an .. extremely .. good .. resource .. for .. Linux .. tutorials


HowtoForge .. is .. an .. extremely .. good .. resource .. for .. Linux .. tutorials
==== POSIX Character set ====
 
[:digit:] Only the digits 0 to 9
==  tr examples ==
 
Along with [https://www.linuxnix.com/sedsteam-editor-explained-detail-linuxunix/ the Linux sed command], the tr command stands for translate is used to provide a level of swapping or translation, suppression or deletion of files. The tr command just translates one character to another character. In this article, we’ll share a couple of examples demonstrating some exciting things that we can do with the tr command.
 
=== Basic syntax ===
 
'''tr [OPTION] [SET1] [SET2]'''
 
SET1 denotes what we wish to translate in the input file, and SET2 means what we want to convert SET1 as the output of the translation. So the sets can be a single character or multiple characters.
 
'''Example1:''' Suppose you just want to replace a in “sahil suri” with b we can use tr sets. We use [https://www.linuxnix.com/9-linux-echo-command-examples/ echo command] to send “sahil suri” to tr command. The tr command by default is not able to read data stream. We use [https://www.linuxnix.com/linuxunix-redirection-operatorsfile-descriptors-explained-examples/ Linux inbuilt redirection operators] to feed data to tr command.
 
'''echo "sahil suri" | tr 'a' 'b'
sbhil suri'''
 
'''Example2:''' Suppose if you want to replace multiple characters one after the other then we can use below-set examples. Suppose you want to replace a with b, r with x and i with z, below is the case you are looking at.
 
'''echo "sahil suri" | tr 'ari' 'bxz'
sbhzl suxz'''
 
'''Note:''' Make sure that first set and second set have the same number of characters. For example,&nbsp; i is just replaced with z as we don’t have the third character on the list below.
 
'''echo "sahil suri" | tr 'ari' 'bz'
sbhzl suzz'''
 
Similarly, we can use sets to convert multiple letters. Some of the sets tr supports are as below.
 
===  POSIX Character set ===
 
'''[:digit:] Only the digits 0 to 9
  [:alnum:] Any alphanumeric character
  [:alnum:] Any alphanumeric character
  [:alpha:] Any alpha character A to Z or a to z.
  [:alpha:] Any alpha character A to Z or a to z.
  [:blank:] Space and TAB characters only.
  [:blank:] Space and TAB characters only.
  [:xdigit:] Hexadecimal notation 0-9, A-F, a-f.
  [:xdigit:] Hexadecimal notation 0-9, A-F, a-f.
  [:punct:] Punctuation symbols . , ‘ ? ! ; : # $ % & ( ) * + / < > = @ [ ] \ ^ _ { } | ~
  [:punct:] Punctuation symbols . , " ‘ ? ! ; : # $ % & ( ) * + - / < > = @ [ ] \ ^ _ { } | ~
  [:print:] Any printable character.
  [:print:] Any printable character.
  [:space:] Any whitespace characters (space, tab, NL, FF, VT, CR). Many system abbreviates as \s.
  [:space:] Any whitespace characters (space, tab, NL, FF, VT, CR). Many system abbreviates as \s.
Zeile 449: Zeile 195:
  [:upper:] Any alpha character A to Z.
  [:upper:] Any alpha character A to Z.
  [:lower:] Any alpha character a to z.
  [:lower:] Any alpha character a to z.
  [:cntrl:] Control Characters NL CR LF TAB VT FF NUL SOH STX EXT EOT ENQ ACK SO SI DLE DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 NAK SYN ETB CAN EM SUB ESC IS1 IS2 IS3 IS4 DEL.'''
  [:cntrl:] Control Characters NL CR LF TAB VT FF NUL SOH STX EXT EOT ENQ ACK SO SI DLE DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 NAK SYN ETB CAN EM SUB ESC IS1 IS2 IS3 IS4 DEL.
 
===  Character sets ===
 
# '''a-z To represent complete lower case alphabets'''
# '''A-Z to represent upper case alphabets'''
# '''0-9 To describe the&nbsp;set of numbers.'''


==== Character sets ====
# a-z To represent complete lower case alphabets
# A-Z to represent upper case alphabets
# 0-9 To describe the set of numbers.


 
==== lower to upper case. ====
=== lower to upper case. ===
echo "sahil suri" | tr 'a-z' 'A-Z'
 
  SAHIL SURI
'''echo "sahil suri" | tr 'a-z' 'A-Z'
  SAHIL SURI'''


The tr command mentioned above implies to translate all alphabets in lowercase denoted by ‘a-z’ into alphabets in upper case denoted by ‘A-Z’
The tr command mentioned above implies to translate all alphabets in lowercase denoted by ‘a-z’ into alphabets in upper case denoted by ‘A-Z’


=== Convert all characters in input from upper to lower case ===
==== Convert all characters in input from upper to lower case ====
echo "SAHIL SURI" | tr 'A-Z' 'a-z'
sahil suri


'''echo "SAHIL SURI" | tr 'A-Z' 'a-z'
==== Translate only particular characters from lower to upper case ====
sahil suri'''
echo "sahil suri" | tr 'shlr' 'SHLR'
 
  SaHiL SuRi
=== Translate only particular characters from lower to upper case ===
 
'''echo "sahil suri" | tr 'shlr' 'SHLR'
  SaHiL SuRi'''


In the previous two examples, we gave ranges, but we can use distinct characters as well as shown in the above example.
In the previous two examples, we gave ranges, but we can use distinct characters as well as shown in the above example.


=== Use multiple ranges ===
==== Use multiple ranges ====
echo "sahil suri" | tr 'a-dr-z' 'A-DR-Z'
SAhil SURi


'''echo "sahil suri" | tr 'a-dr-z' 'A-DR-Z'
==== translate individual characters as well ====
SAhil SURi'''


=== translate individual characters as well ===
===== Translate braces into parenthesis =====
echo "{ Hello World }" > infile
tr '{}' '()' < infile > outfile
cat outfile
( Hello World )


==== Translate braces into parenthesis ====
==== Translate spaces to new lines. ====
We use infile as our test file. Use [https://www.linuxnix.com/20-linuxunix-cat-command-examples/ cat command] to display the content of the file.
cat infile
solaris linux aix


'''echo "{ Hello World }" > infile'''
cat infile | tr " " "\n"
  '''tr '{}' '()' < infile > outfile'''
  solaris
  '''cat outfile'''
  linux
  '''( Hello World )'''
  aix


=== Translate spaces to new lines. ===
cat infile | tr "[:space:] " "\n"
  solaris
  linux
aix


We use infile as our test file. Use [https://www.linuxnix.com/20-linuxunix-cat-command-examples/ cat command] to display the content of the file.
While using translate, you may use " " or [:space:] to represent white space. I find the first option easier to type.


'''cat infile'''
==== Replace white space ====
  '''solaris linux aix'''
  cat infile | tr " " ":"
'''cat infile | tr " " "\n"'''
  solaris:linux:aix
  '''solaris'''
'''linux'''
'''aix'''
'''cat infile | tr "[:space:] " "\n"'''
  '''solaris'''
'''linux'''
'''aix'''


While using translate, you may use ” ” or [:space:] to represent white space. I find the first option easier to type.
cat infile | tr " " "|"
solaris|linux|aix


=== Replace white space ===
==== Replace multiple occurrences ====


'''cat infile | tr " " ":"
===== ... with a single appearance of the character. =====
solaris:linux:aix'''
'''cat infile | tr " " "|"
solaris|linux|aix'''


===  Replace multiple occurrences ===
In below example, we replaced numerous spaces with separate space.


==== ... with a single appearance of the character. ====
  cat infile
solaris linux aix


In below example, we replaced numerous spaces with separate space.
tr -s " " < infile
solaris linux aix


'''cat infile
In the above case, we used the tr command with -s option to indicate a squeeze operation.This replaces multiple occurrences of a character with a single appearance of the same character.
solaris      linux  aix'''
'''tr -s " " < infile
solaris linux aix'''


In the above case, we used the tr command with -s option to indicate a squeeze operation.This replaces multiple occurrences of a character with a single appearance of the same character.
===== … with a different character =====


==== … with a different character ====
  cat infile
solaris linux aix


'''cat infile
  tr -s " " ";" < infile
  solaris linux aix'''
  solaris;linux;aix
'''tr -s " " ";" < infile
  solaris;linux;aix'''


The above tr command squeezes multiple occurrences of white space into one semicolon character.
The above tr command squeezes multiple occurrences of white space into one semicolon character.


=== Delete all occurances of a character. ===
==== Delete all occurances of a character. ====


To delete occurrences of a character we use the -d option with the tr command followed by the character to be removed.
To delete occurrences of a character we use the -d option with the tr command followed by the character to be removed.


'''echo "linuxunix" | tr -d 'u'
echo "linuxunix" | tr -d 'u'
  linxnix'''
  linxnix
 
The above command removes all occurrences of the '''character u''' from the input string.


===  Remove all digits from the input. ===
The above command removes all occurrences of the character u from the input string.


'''echo "james bond 007" | tr -d '0-9'
==== Remove all digits from the input. ====
  james bond'''
echo "james bond 007" | tr -d '0-9'
  james bond


=== Remove all alphabets from the input. ===
==== Remove all alphabets from the input. ====


'''echo "james bond 007" | tr -d 'a-zA-Z'
echo "james bond 007" | tr -d 'a-zA-Z'
  007'''
  007
 
===  Remove characters except the given ===


==== Remove characters except the given ====
We used -d option to delete characters we mentioned from the input. We may use the -c option with the -d option to delete all characters except those that we mention.
We used -d option to delete characters we mentioned from the input. We may use the -c option with the -d option to delete all characters except those that we mention.
 
echo "solaris linux hp-ux" | tr -cd 'slh'
'''echo "solaris linux hp-ux" | tr -cd 'slh'
  slslh
  slslh'''


The above tr command removed all characters including the new line leaving behind the characters s,l and h which we mentioned to be removed. Using the -c option is also sometimes referred to as complimenting the set.
The above tr command removed all characters including the new line leaving behind the characters s,l and h which we mentioned to be removed. Using the -c option is also sometimes referred to as complimenting the set.


=== Remove all non-alphanumeric and space ===
==== Remove all non-alphanumeric and space ====
 
echo "solaris | linux 007 ; hp-ux :::: aix" | tr -cd "[:alpha:][:space:][:digit:]"
'''echo "solaris | linux 007 ; hp-ux :::: aix" | tr -cd "[:alpha:][:space:][:digit:]"
  solaris linux 007 hpux aix
  solaris linux 007 hpux aix'''


This example could prove to be especially useful when dealing with a file having a lot of junk characters.
This example could prove to be especially useful when dealing with a file having a lot of junk characters.


=== Translate non-alphanumeric characters ===
==== Translate non-alphanumeric characters into a single newline character ====
 
echo "james bond 007" | tr -cs 'a-zA-Z0-9' '\n'
==== into a single newline character ====
 
'''echo "james bond 007" | tr -cs 'a-zA-Z0-9' '\n'
  james
  james
  bond
  bond
  007'''
  007


=== Join lines in a file into a single ===
==== Join lines in a file into a single ====
 
cat infile
'''cat infile
  solaris
  solaris
  linux
  linux
  aix'''
  aix
'''tr -s '\n' ' ' < infile
 
  solaris linux aix [root@linuxnix ~]#'''
tr -s '\n' ' ' < infile
  solaris linux aix [root@linuxnix ~]#


The above tr command squeezes the new line character into a single space character.This option can be useful when attempting to consolidate scattered text in a file.
The above tr command squeezes the new line character into a single space character.This option can be useful when attempting to consolidate scattered text in a file.


This concludes our exploration of the tr command. Please consider reading our articles about&nbsp;[https://www.linuxnix.com/category/Programming/Sed/ sed]&nbsp;which is another utility that provides most of the translation features we discussed in the above examples and a lot more.
This concludes our exploration of the tr command. Please consider reading our articles about [https://www.linuxnix.com/category/Programming/Sed/ sed] which is another utility that provides most of the translation features we discussed in the above examples and a lot more.


== Linux tr command ==
==== Problembehebung ====


On [https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/u/unix-like.htm Unix-like] operating systems, the '''tr''' command automatically translates (substitutes, or maps) one set of [https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/charact.htm characters] to another.
== Aufruf ==
Und folgendes ist seine Syntax:


This document covers the [https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/g/gnu.htm GNU]/[https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/l/linux.htm Linux] version of '''tr'''.
tr [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2]


The '''tr''' utility copies the [https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/s/stdin.htm standard input] to the standard output with substitution or deletion of selected characters.
hier ist, was SET bedeutet:


===  Syntax ===
SETs are specified as strings of characters. Most represent themselves. Interpreted sequences are: \NNN character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 octal digits)


tr [-Ccsu] ''string1'' ''string2''
\\ backslash
\a audible BEL
\b backspace
\f form feed
\n new line
\r return
\t horizontal tab
\v vertical tab


In this form, the characters in the [https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/s/string.htm string] ''string1'' are translated into the characters in ''string2'' where the first character in ''string1'' is translated into the first character in ''string2'' and so on. If ''string1'' is longer than ''string2'', the last character found in ''string2'' is duplicated until string1 is exhausted.
Depending on the kind of work you do on the command line in Linux, you may want a utility that can act as a Swiss army knife of quick text editing. Gladly, there exists a tool dubbed tr, which qualifies for this role. In this tutorial, we will discuss the basics of tr using some easy to understand examples.


tr [-Ccu] -d ''string1''
Here's how the tool's man page explains it:


In this form, the characters in ''string1'' are deleted from the input.
Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from standard input, writing to standard output.


tr [-Ccu] -s ''string1''
And following is its syntax:


In this form, the characters in ''string1'' are compressed as described for the '''-s''' option (see below).
tr [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2]


tr [-Ccu] -ds ''string1'' ''string2''
here's what SET means:


In the fourth form, the characters in ''string1'' are deleted from the input, and the characters in ''string2'' are compressed as described for the '''-s''' option.
<tt>SETs are specified as strings of characters. Most represent themselves. Interpreted sequences are:</tt>


=== Options ===
  \NNN character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 octal digits)


\\ backslash
\a audible BEL
\b backspace
\f form feed
\n new line
\r return
\t horizontal tab
\v vertical tab


{| class="wikitable sortable"
Along with [https://www.linuxnix.com/sedsteam-editor-explained-detail-linuxunix/ the Linux sed command], the tr command stands for translate is used to provide a level of swapping or translation, suppression or deletion of files. The tr command just translates one character to another character. In this article, we’ll share a couple of examples demonstrating some exciting things that we can do with the tr command.
|-  
 
|| '''-C'''
tr OPTION ZEICHENFOLGE1 ZEICHENFOLGE2
|| Complement the set of characters in ''string1'', that is "'''-C ab'''" includes every character except for ''''a'''' and ''''b''''.
tr [option] stringValue1 [stringValue2]
|-
 
|| '''-c'''
option and stringValue2 are optional for tr command. You can use -c, -s and -d option with tr command to do different types of tasks.
|| Same as '''-C''' but complement the set of values in ''string1''.
tr [OPTION] [SET1] [SET2]
|-
 
|| '''-d'''
SET1 denotes what we wish to translate in the input file, and SET2 means what we want to convert SET1 as the output of the translation. So the sets can be a single character or multiple characters.
|| Delete characters in ''string1'' from the input.
 
|-
Example1: Suppose you just want to replace a in "sahil suri" with b we can use tr sets. We use [https://www.linuxnix.com/9-linux-echo-command-examples/ echo command] to send "sahil suri" to tr command. The tr command by default is not able to read data stream. We use [https://www.linuxnix.com/linuxunix-redirection-operatorsfile-descriptors-explained-examples/ Linux inbuilt redirection operators] to feed data to tr command.
|| '''-s'''
 
|| Squeeze multiple occurrences of the characters listed in the last operand (either ''string1'' or ''string2'') in the input into a single instance of the character. This occurs after all deletion and translation is completed.
echo "sahil suri" | tr 'a' 'b'
|-
sbhil suri
|| '''-u'''
|| Guarantee that any output is unbuffered.


Example2: Suppose if you want to replace multiple characters one after the other then we can use below-set examples. Suppose you want to replace a with b, r with x and i with z, below is the case you are looking at.


|-
echo "sahil suri" | tr 'ari' 'bxz'
|}
  sbhzl suxz
=== How Characters Are Specified ===


When specifying the characters to translate with '''tr''', the following conventions are used to represent sets (or "classes") of characters.
Note: Make sure that first set and second set have the same number of characters. For example, i is just replaced with z as we don’t have the third character on the list below.


Any character not described by one of the following conventions represents itself.
echo "sahil suri" | tr 'ari' 'bz'
sbhzl suzz


Similarly, we can use sets to convert multiple letters. Some of the sets tr supports are as below.


{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|| '''\'''''octal''
|| A backslash followed by 1, 2 or 3 [https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/o/octal.htm octal] digits represents a character with that encoded value. To follow an octal sequence with a digit as a character, pad the octal sequence on the left with zeroes.
|-
|| '''\'''''character''
|| A backslash followed by certain special characters maps to special values:




=== Optionen ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|| Option
|| '''\a'''
|| Beschreibung
|| The "alert" character, which issues a notification or alert to the terminal.
|-
|| '''\b'''
|| Backspace.
|-
|| '''\f'''
|| [https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/f/formfeed.htm Form feed].
|-
|| '''\n'''
|| [https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/n/newline.htm Newline].
|-
|| '''\r'''
|| [https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/cr.htm Carriage return].
|-
|| '''\t'''
|| [https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/t/tab.htm Tab].
|-
|| '''\v'''
|| Vertical tab.
|-
|-
|| <tt>-c</tt>, <tt>-C</tt> oder <tt>--complement</tt>
|| Komplement der angegebenen Zeichenfolge
|-
|| <tt>-d</tt> oder <tt>--delete</tt>
|| Löschen (nicht Ersetzen) von Zeichen
|-
|| <tt>-s</tt> oder <tt>--squeeze-repeats</tt>
|| Mehrere identische aufeinanderfolgende Zeichen durch ein einzelnes ersetzen
|-
|| <tt>-t</tt> oder <tt>--truncate-set1</tt>
|| Beschneide zunächst den ersten Datensatz auf die Länge des zweiten Datensatzes
|}
|}
A backslash followed by any other character maps to that character.
|-
|| ''c'''''-'''''c''
|| Character [https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/r/range.htm range]. For non-octal range endpoints represents the range of characters between the range endpoints, inclusive and in ascending order, as defined by the collation sequence. If either or both of the range endpoints are octal sequences, it represents the range of specific coded values between the range endpoints, inclusive.
|-
|| '''[:'''''class''''':]'''
|| Represents all characters belonging to the defined character class. Class names are:


=== Befehlssequenzen ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|| '''alnum'''
|| [https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/alphanum.htm Alphanumeric] characters.
|-
|| '''alpha'''
|| Alphabetic characters.
|-
|| '''blank'''
|| [https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/w/whitspac.htm White space] characters.
|-
|| '''cntrl'''
|| Control characters.
|-
|| '''digit'''
|| Numeric characters.
|-
|| '''graph'''
|| Graphic characters.
|-
|| '''ideogram'''
|| Ideographic characters.
|-
|| '''lower'''
|| [https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/l/lowercas.htm Lowercase] alphabetic characters.
|-
|| '''phonogram'''
|| Phonographic characters.
|-
|| '''print'''
|| Printable characters.
|-
|| '''punct'''
|| Punctuation characters.
|-
|| '''rune'''
|| Valid characters.
|-
|| '''space'''
|| Space characters.
|-
|| '''special'''
|| Special characters.
|-
|| '''upper'''
|| [https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/u/uppercase.htm Uppercase] alphabetic characters.
|-
|| '''xdigit'''
|| [https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/h/hex.htm Hexadecimal] characters.
|-
|-
|}
|| Option
When "'''[:lower:]'''" appears in ''string1'' and "'''[:upper:]'''" appears in the same relative position in ''string2'', it represents the characters pairs from the toupper mapping in the '''LC_CTYPE''' category of the current locale. When "'''[:upper:]'''" appears in ''string1'' and "'''[:lower:]'''" appears in the same relative position in ''string2'', it represents the characters pairs from the '''tolower''' mapping in the '''LC_CTYPE''' category of the current locale.With the exception of case conversion, characters in the classes are in unspecified order.For specific information as to which [https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/a/ascii.htm ASCII] characters are included in these classes, see '''ctype''' and related manual pages."'''[=equiv=]'''" Represents all characters belonging to the same equivalence class as '''equiv''', ordered by their encoded values.
|| Beschreibung
|-  
|-
|| '''['''''<nowiki>#</nowiki>'''''<nowiki>*</nowiki>'''''n''''']'''
|| <tt>\\</tt>
|| Represents ''n'' repeated occurrences of the character represented by ''<nowiki>#</nowiki>''. This expression is only valid when it occurs in ''string2''. If ''n'' is omitted, or is zero, it is be interpreted as large enough to extend ''string2'' sequence to the length of ''string1''. If ''n'' has a leading zero, it is interpreted as an octal value, otherwise, it is interpreted as a decimal value.
|| Backslash
 
|-
 
|| <tt>\b</tt>
|| Rücktaste
|-
|| <tt>\n</tt>
|| Zeilenumbruch
|-
|| <tt>\t</tt>
|| Horizontaler Tab
|-
|| <tt>ZEICHEN1-ZEICHEN 2</tt>
|| Alle Zeichen von ZEICHEN 1 bis ZEICHEN2
|-
|| <tt>[:alpha:]</tt>
|| Alle Buchstaben
|-
|| <tt>[:blank:]</tt>
|| Alle horizontalen Leerzeichen
|-
|| <tt>[:digit:]</tt>
|| Alle Zahlen
|-
|| <tt>[:lower:]</tt>
|| Alle Kleinbuchstuben
|-
|| <tt>[:upper:]</tt>
|| Alle Großbuchstaben
|-
|-
|}
|}
===  Environment ===
The '''LANG''', '''LC_ALL''', '''LC_CTYPE''' and '''LC_COLLATE''' [https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/envivari.htm environment variables] affect the execution of '''tr'''.
===  Exit Status ===
'''tr''' returns an exit status of '''0''' if it operated successfully, and a value greater than zero if an error occurred.
===  Examples ===


tr -cs "[:alpha:]" "\n" < file1
Weitere Angaben sind der [https://wiki.ubuntuusers.de/man/ Manpage] zu entnehmen. Man beachte, dass die [https://wiki.ubuntuusers.de/Zsh/ Zsh] die eckigen Klammern beispielsweise  in <tt>[:blank:]</tt> als Wildcard-Parameter interpretiert und sie daher nicht an <tt>tr</tt> weitergibt. Benutzer der Zsh sollten solche Argument daher in einfache oder doppelte Anführungszeichen einschließen.


Create a list of the words in '''file1''', one per line, where a word is taken to be a maximal string of letters.
=== Argumente ===


tr "[:lower:]" "[:upper:]" < file1
=== Umgebungsvariablen ===
=== Exit-Status ===


Translate the contents of '''file1''' to uppercase.
== Siehe auch ==
 
=== Dokumentation ===
tr -cd "[:print:]" < file1
==== RFC ====
 
==== Man-Page ====
Remove all non-printable characters from '''file1'''.
==== Info-Pages ====
 
=== Links ===
tr "[=e=]" "e"
==== Projekt ====
 
==== Weblinks ====
Remove all "diacritical" marks from accented versions of the letter '''e'''.
* [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sed_(Unix) Sed (Unix)][https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sed_(Unix) https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sed_(Unix)]
 
* [https://man.cat-v.org/unix_8th/1/tr tr(1)] - Unix achter Handbucheintrag.
==  tr examples ==
* [https://linux.die.net/man/1/tr [1]] [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manpage Manpage]
 
* [https://www.examplenow.com/tr Beispiele aus examplenow.com]
The tr command in UNIX is a command line utility for translating or deleting characters. It supports a range of transformations including uppercase to lowercase, squeezing repeating characters, deleting specific characters and basic find and replace. It can be used with UNIX pipes to support more complex translation. '''tr stands for translate.'''
* [https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/ GNU Core Utilities] 🇬🇧[https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/ https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/]
 
'''Syntax :'''
 
'''$ tr [OPTION] SET1 [SET2]'''
 
'''Options'''
 
-c : complements the set of characters in string.i.e., operations apply to characters not in the given set
-d : delete characters in the first set from the output.
-s : replaces repeated characters listed in the set1 with single occurrence
-t : truncates set1
 
===  Convert lower case to upper case ===
 
To convert from lower case to upper case the predefined sets in tr can be used.
 
'''$cat greekfile'''
 
Output:
 
WELCOME TO
GeeksforGeeks
'''$cat greekfile | tr “[a-z]” “[A-Z]”'''
 
Output:
 
WELCOME TO
GEEKSFORGEEKS
 
or
 
'''$cat geekfile | tr “[:lower:]” “[:upper:]”'''
 
Output:
 
WELCOME TO
GEEKSFORGEEKS
 
=== Translate white-space to tabs ===
 
The following command will translate all the white-space to tabs
 
'''$ echo "Welcome To GeeksforGeeks" | tr [:space:] '\t''''
 
Output:
 
Welcome    To    GeeksforGeeks   
 
=== Translate braces into parenthesis ===
 
You can also translate from and to a file. In this example we will translate braces in a file with parenthesis.
 
'''$cat greekfile'''
  {WELCOME TO}
GeeksforGeeks
'''$ tr '{}' '()'  newfile.txt'''
(WELCOME TO)
GeeksforGeeks
 
The above command will read each character from “geekfile.txt”, translate if it is a brace, and write the output in “newfile.txt”.
 
===  Squeeze repetition  ===
 
To squeeze repeat occurrences of characters specified in a set use the -s option. This removes repeated instances of a character.OR we can say that,you can convert multiple continuous spaces with a single space
 
'''$ echo "Welcome    To    GeeksforGeeks" | tr -s [:space:] ' ''''
Welcome To GeeksforGeeks
 
=== Delete specified characters  ===
 
To delete specific characters use the -d option.This option deletes characters in the first set specified.
 
'''$ echo "Welcome To GeeksforGeeks" | tr -d 'w''''
elcome To GeeksforGeeks
 
=== Remove all the digits from the string, use ===
 
'''$ echo "my ID is 73535" | tr -d [:digit:]'''
my ID is
 
=== Complement the sets using -c option ===
 
You can complement the SET1 using -c option. For example, to remove all characters except digits, you can use the following.
 
'''$ echo "my ID is 73535" | tr -cd [:digit:]'''
73535
 
Or
 
'''$ echo “unix” | tr –c “u” “a”'''
Uaaa
 
===  tr Examples ===
 
'''tr''' (short for '''translate''') is a useful command line utility that translates and/or deletes characters from stdin input, and writes to stdout. It is a useful program for manipulating text on the command line.
 
The syntax for running '''tr command''' is as follows, where characters in '''SET1''' are translated to characters in '''SET2'''.
 
$ tr flags [SET1] [SET2]
 
====  1. A simple tr command ====
 
Use case is to change all lower case letters in text to upper case and vice versa, as shown below.
 
'''$ cat linux.txt
linux is my life
linux has changed my life
linux is best and everthing to me..:)'''
'''$ cat domains.txt | tr [:lower:] [:upper:]
LINUX IS MY LIFE
LINUX HAS CHANGED MY LIFE
LINUX IS BEST AND EVERTHING TO ME..:)'''
 
==== Alternatively ====
 
you can use the following command to change all lower case letters to upper case in a file as shown.
 
'''$ cat linux.txt | tr [a-z] [A-Z]
LINUX IS MY LIFE
LINUX HAS CHANGED MY LIFE
LINUX IS BEST AND EVERTHING TO ME..:)'''
 
==== To save the results ====
 
written to '''stdout''' in a file for later processing, use the shell’s output redirection feature <tt>(>)</tt> as shown.
 
'''$ cat linux.txt | tr [a-z] [A-Z] >output.txt
$ cat output.txt'''
'''LINUX IS MY LIFE
LINUX HAS CHANGED MY LIFE
LINUX IS BEST AND EVERTHING TO ME..:)'''
 
==== In regards to the redirection ====
 
you can send input to '''tr''' using the input redirection and redirect the output to a file using the same command, as shown.
 
'''$ tr [a-z] [A-Z] < linux.txt >output.txt'''
 
====  Another useful feature ====
 
you can use the <tt>-d</tt> flag to delete characters, for example to remove the spaces in the domain names using the following command.
 
'''$ cat domains.txt
www. tecmint. Com
www. fossmint. Com
www. linuxsay. Com'''
'''$ cat domains.txt | tr -d '''''
[http://www.tecmint.com/ www.tecmint.com]
[http://www.fossmint.com/ www.fossmint.com]
www.linuxsay.com'''
 
====  If there are repeated characters in a sequence ====
 
(for instance double spaces) in the text you are processing, you can use the <tt>-s</tt> option to squeeze the characters leaving only one occurrence of it.
 
'''$ cat domains.txt
www.tecmint.....com
[http://www.fossmint.com/ www.fossmint.com]
[http://www.linuxsay.com/ www.linuxsay.com]
'''$ cat domains.txt | tr -s '''''
[http://www.tecmint.com/ www.tecmint.com]
[http://www.fossmint.com/ www.fossmint.com]
www.linuxsay.com'''
 
====  The -c option ====
 
tells '''tr''' to use the complement in the given of '''SET'''. In this example, we want to delete all the letters and only leave the '''UID'''.
 
'''$ echo "My UID is $UID" | tr -cd "[:digit:]\n"'''
OR
'''$ echo "My UID is $UID" | tr -d "a-zA-Z"'''
 
====  Here is an example of breaking a single line ====
 
of words (sentence) into multiple lines, where each word appears in a separate line.
 
'''$ echo "My UID is $UID"
My UID is 1000'''
'''$ echo "My UID is $UID" | tr " "  "\n"
My
UID
is
1000'''
 
====  Related to the previous example ====
 
you can also translate multiple lines of words into a single sentence as shown.
 
'''$ cat uid.txt
My
UID
is
1000'''
'''$ tr "\n" " " < uid.txt
My UID is 1000'''
 
====  translate a single character ====
 
for instance a space into a <tt>“ : ”</tt> character, as follows.
 
'''$ echo "Tecmint.com =>Linux-HowTos,Guides,Tutorials" | tr " " ":"
Tecmint.com:=>Linux-HowTos,Guides,Tutorials'''
 
There are several sequence characters you can use with '''tr''', for more information, see the '''tr''' man page.
 
$ man tr
 
That’s all! '''tr''' is a useful command for manipulating text on the command line. In this guide, we showed some useful '''tr command''' usage examples for Linux newbies. You can share your thoughts with us via the comment form below.
 
==  TR Examples ==
 
tr is an UNIX utility for translating, or deleting, or squeezing repeated characters. It will read from STDIN and write to STDOUT.
 
tr stands for translate.
 
===  Syntax ===
 
The syntax of tr command is:
 
$ tr [OPTION] SET1 [SET2]
 
===  Translation ===
 
If both the SET1 and SET2 are specified and ‘-d’ OPTION is not specified, then tr command will replace each characters in SET1 with each character in same position in SET2.
 
===  Convert lower case to upper case ===
 
The following tr command is used to convert the lower case to upper case
 
$ tr abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
thegeekstuff
THEGEEKSTUFF
 
The following command will also convert lower case to upper case
 
$ tr [:lower:] [:upper:]
thegeekstuff
THEGEEKSTUFF
 
You can also use ranges in tr. The following command uses ranges to convert lower to upper case.
 
$ tr a-z A-Z
thegeekstuff
THEGEEKSTUFF
 
===  Translate braces into parenthesis ===
 
You can also translate from and to a file. In this example we will translate braces in a file with parenthesis.
 
$ tr '{}' '()' < inputfile > outputfile
 
The above command will read each character from “inputfile”, translate if it is a brace, and write the output in “outputfile”.
 
===  Translate white-space to tabs ===
 
The following command will translate all the white-space to tabs
 
$ echo "This is for testing" | tr [:space:] '\t'
This    is      for    testing
 
===  Squeeze repetition of characters using -s ===
 
In Example 3, we see how to translate space with tabs. But if there are two are more spaces present continuously, then the previous command will translate each spaces to a tab as follows.
 
$ echo "This  is  for testing" | tr [:space:] '\t'
This                    is                      for    testing
 
We can use -s option to squeeze the repetition of characters.
 
$ echo "This  is  for testing" | tr -s [:space:] '\t'
This    is      for    testing
 
Similarly you can convert multiple continuous spaces with a single space
 
$ echo "This  is  for testing" | tr -s [:space:] ' '
This is for testing
 
====  Delete specified characters using -d option ====
 
tr can also be used to remove particular characters using -d option.
 
$ echo "the geek stuff" | tr -d 't'
he geek suff
 
To remove all the digits from the string, use
 
$ echo "my username is 432234" | tr -d [:digit:]
my username is
 
Also, if you like to delete lines from file, you can use [https://www.thegeekstuff.com/2009/09/unix-sed-tutorial-delete-file-lines-using-address-and-patterns/ sed d command].
 
===  Complement the sets using -c option ===
 
You can complement the SET1 using -c option. For example, to remove all characters except digits, you can use the following.
 
$ echo "my username is 432234" | tr -cd [:digit:]
432234
 
===  Remove all non-printable character ===
 
The following command can be used to remove all non-printable characters from a file.
 
$ tr -cd [:print:] < file.txt
 
===  Join lines to one ===
 
The below command will translate all newlines into spaces and make the result as a single line.
 
$ tr -s '\n' ' ' < file.txt
 
==  Siehe auch ==
 
* [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sed_(Unix) Sed (Unix)]https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sed_(Unix)
* [http://man.cat-v.org/unix_8th/1/tr tr(1)] - Unix achter Handbucheintrag.  
* [https://linux.die.net/man/1/tr [1]] [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manpage Manpage]  
* [http://www.examplenow.com/tr Beispiele aus examplenow.com]
* [http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/ GNU Core Utilities] 🇬🇧http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr_(Unix) tr]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr_(Unix) tr]
* [http://www.prontosystems.org/tux/tr tr: Translate Characters -> Syntax und Beispiele] 🇩🇪 Blogartikel 5/2010
* [https://www.prontosystems.org/tux/tr tr: Translate Characters -> Syntax und Beispiele] 🇩🇪 - Blogartikel 5/2010
* [http://www.easylinux.de/Artikel/ausgabe/2003/11/068-shell-tipps/ Shell-Tipps] 🇩🇪 Artikel in EasyLinux 11/2003
* [https://www.easylinux.de/Artikel/ausgabe/2003/11/068-shell-tipps/ Shell-Tipps] 🇩🇪 - Artikel in EasyLinux 11/2003
* [https://wiki.ubuntuusers.de/Shell/Befehlsübersicht/ Shell/Befehlsübersicht] Übersicht über verschiedene Shell-Befehle
* [https://wiki.ubuntuusers.de/Shell/Befehlsübersicht/ Shell/Befehlsübersicht] Übersicht über verschiedene Shell-Befehle


[[Kategorie:Linux:Dateibearbeitung]]
 
[[Kategorie:Linux:Befehl]]
[[Kategorie:Linux/Befehl]]
[[Kategorie:Coreutils]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:tr}}

Aktuelle Version vom 11. Mai 2025, 19:50 Uhr


tr - in Texte systematisch Zeichen durch andere Zeichen ersetzen

Beschreibung

Der Befehl tr (von translate = umwandeln oder transliterate = transliterieren) dient dazu, in Texten systematisch Zeichen durch andere Zeichen zu ersetzen. So ist es beispielweise möglich, alle Großbuchstaben einer Datei durch Kleinbuchstaben zu ersetzen oder mehrere aufeinander folgende Leerzeichen durch ein einziges zu ersetzen. Für komplexere Ersetzungen, beispielsweise für ganze Wörter, empfiehlt sich das wesentlich mächtigere sed.

tr ist ein Unix-Kommando, dessen Name eine Abkürzung für translate (deutsch: übersetzen) ist, das bestimmte Zeichen aus einem Datenstrom ersetzt oder entfernt.

Das Werkzeug liest den Datenstrom der Standardeingabe, schreibt auf die Standardausgabe und benötigt je nach Modus ein (Löschen und Komprimieren) oder zwei (Ersetzen) Argumente.

Sollen Zeichen ersetzt werden, werden zwei Argumente benötigt, zuerst die zu ersetzenden Zeichen, im zweiten die neuen.

Abhängig von der Art der Arbeit, die Sie auf der Kommandozeile unter Linux erledigen, können Sie ein Dienstprogramm wünschen, das als Schweizer Taschenmesser für die schnelle Textbearbeitung fungieren kann. Gerne gibt es ein Tool namens tr, das sich für diese Rolle qualifiziert. In diesem Tutorial werden wir die Grundlagen von tr anhand einiger leicht verständlicher Beispiele diskutieren.

Aber bevor wir das tun, ist es erwähnenswert, dass alle Beispiele in diesem Artikel auf einem Ubuntu 18.04 LTS-Rechner getestet wurden.

tr is a very useful UNIX command. It is used to transform string or delete characters from the string. Various type of transformation can be done by using this command, such as searching and replacing text, transforming string from uppercase to lowercase or vice versa, removing repeated characters from the string und weitere The command can be used for some complicated transformation also. The different uses of tr command are shown in this tutorial.

So erklärt es die Man Page des Tools:

Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from standard input, writing to standard output.

Anwendungen

Einfaches Beispiel

Ersetzen eines Buchstabens durch einen anderen

echo Maus | tr M H
Haus

Mit folgendem Befehl werden Groß- in Kleinbuchstaben umgewandelt:

echo 'FLÜSTERN' | tr A-ZÄÖÜ a-zäöü

oder auch

echo 'FLÜSTERN' | tr [:upper:]ÄÖÜ [:lower:]äöü

ergibt

flüstern

… und umgekehrt:

echo 'schreien' | tr a-zäöü A-ZÄÖÜ
SCHREIEN

Bestimmte Zeichen, hier alle Zahlen in der Datei datei.txt, lassen sich mit der Option -d löschen:

tr -d '0-9' < datei.txt

Soll aus mehrere aufeinanderfolgenden Leerzeichen ein einzelnes gemacht werden, kann man die Option -s verwenden:

echo 'd b' |tr -s ' '
d b

Um alle Zeichen zu entfernen, die nicht einer bestimmten Zeichengruppe angehören, kann die Option -c benutzt werden. Im folgenden Beispiel werden alle Zeichen entfernt, die keine Buchstaben sind:

echo 'Die drei ??? treffen die 12 Geschworenen!' | tr -cd '[:alpha:]' > datei
cat datei
DiedreitreffendieGeschworenen

Mit Hilfe von tr lässt sich ein Text auch sehr leicht Rot13 chiffrieren und dechiffieren:

echo 'Morgen bringen wir Cäsar um' | tr [a-zA-Z] [n-za-mN-ZA-M]
Zbetra oevatra jve Päfne hz

Und wieder zurück:

echo 'Zbetra oevatra jve Päfne hz' | tr [a-zA-Z] [n-za-mN-ZA-M]
Morgen bringen wir Cäsar um

Um in einer Datei Zeichen zu ändern und das Ergebnis in eine zweite Datei zu schreiben, können Umleitungen eingesetzt werden. Mit dem folgenden Befehl werden alle Vorkommen des Buchstabens a in datei1 in den Buchstaben b umgewandelt und das Ergebnis in datei2 geschrieben:

tr a b < datei1 > datei2

Der folgende Befehl entfernt alle Wagenrückläufe ("Carriage Return", mehr unter Zeichensatz-Konverter) und konvertiert so eine Datei datei1 vom Windows- in das Unixformat:

tr -d '\r' < datei1 > ausgabedatei

Alle mehrfach aufeinander folgenden Zeilenumbrüche ("new line") in datei1 werden in jeweils einen umgewandelt:

tr -s '\n' < datei1 > ausgabedatei

Der folgende Befehl führt dazu, dass alle kommaseparierten Elemente einer CSV-Datei datei.csv jeweils in einer neuen Zeile erscheinen:

tr ',' '\n' < datei.csv

Beispiel:

$ echo Meyer | tr y i
Meier

Es sind mehrfache Ersetzungen einzelner Zeichen auf einmal möglich. Z.B. ersetzt

tr 'abcd' 'jkmn'

alle vorkommenden a durch j, b durch k und weitere

Im Alphabet aufeinanderfolgende Zeichen lassen sich dabei mit einem Bindestrich angeben:

tr 'a-d' 'jkmn'

Mit dem Operator s werden alle hintereinander folgenden identischen Zeichen durch ein einzelnes ersetzt. Beispiel:

echo muuuuh | tr -s u
muh

Der Operand d löscht alle im ersten Argument angegebenen Zeichen

tr -d '\r'

wobei \r für ein Carriage Return (Bytewert 13) steht. Mit diesem Befehl wird dieses unter Unix nicht verwendete Umbruchzeichen ersatzlos entfernt.

Ist ein c angegeben, so gilt die Umkehrung, also hier

tr -cd '[:alnum:]'

wobei der Ausdruck [:alnum:] für alle alphanumerischen Zeichen steht. Somit werden alle nicht alphanumerischen Zeichen entfernt.

Change case

You can change the case of the string very easily by using tr command. To define uppercase, you can use [:upper:] or [A-Z] and to define lowercase you can define [:lower:] or [a-z].

tr command can be used in the following way to convert any string from uppercase to lowercase.

tr [:upper:] [:lower:]

You can use tr command in the following way also to convert any string from lowercase to uppercase.

tr a-z A-Z

Run the following command to convert every small letter of the string,’linuxhint’ into the capital letter.

$ echo linuxhint | tr [:lower:] [:upper:]

You can apply tr command for converting the content of any text file from upper to lower or lower to upper. Suppose, you have text file named, items.txt with the following contents.

  1. Monitor
  2. Keyboard
  3. Mouse
  4. Scanner
  5. HDD

Run the following commands from the terminal to display the content of items.txt and the output of tr command after converting the content of that file from lower to upper case. The following tr command will not modify the original content of the file.

$ cat items.txt
$ tr a-z A-Z < items.txt

You can run the following command to store the output of the tr command into another file named ‘output.txt’.

$ tr [:upper:] [:lower:] < items.txt > output.txt
$ cat output.txt

Translate character

tr command can be used to search and replace any particular character from any text. The following command is used to convert each space of the text, "Welcome to Linuxhint" by newline (\n).

$ echo "Welcome To Linuxhint" | tr [:space:] '\n'

-c option

tr command can be used with -c option to replace those characters with the second character that don’t match with the first character value. In the following example, tr command is used to search those characters in the string ‘bash’ that don’t match with the character ‘b’ and replace them by ‘a’. The output is ‘baaaa’. Four characters are converted here. These are ,’a’,’s’,’h’ and ‘\n’.

$ echo "bash" | tr -c 'b' 'a'

-s option

tr command uses -s option for search and replace any string from a text. In the following example, space (‘ ‘) is replaced by tab (‘\t’).

$ echo "BASH Programming" | tr -s ' ' '\t'

You can use both -c and -s options together with tr command. In the following example, the range of small letter is used as the first string value. For -c option, tr command will search and replace each capital letter by newline (‘\n’) of the file, items.txt and store the output of the command in the file, output.txt.

$ cat items.txt
$ tr -cs [a-z] "\n" < items.txt > output.txt
$ cat output.txt

-d option

-d option used with tr command to search and delete any character or string from a text. In the following example, tr command will search ‘P’, ‘y’ and ‘t’ in the string "Python is a Programming language" and delete those characters.

$ echo "Python is a Programming language" | tr -d 'Pyt'

-c option can be used with -d option in the tr command to complement the search like precious -cs command. In the following example, tr command with -cd will search all non-digit characters from the string, "Phone No: 985634854" and delete them.

$ echo "Phone No: 985634854" | tr -cd '0-9'

In a similar way, you can run use -cd option in tr command like the following command to remove the non-printable characters from a file. No nonprintable character exists in items.txt. So the output will be the same as the file content.

$ tr -cd "[:print:]" < items.txt

lower case to upper case

Suppose you want to convert the sentence "linux tutorial on howtoforge" to uppercase, then here's how you can do this using tr.

echo 'linux tutorial on howtoforge' | tr "[:lower:]" "[:upper:]"

The above command produced the following output on my system:

LINUX TUTORIAL ON HOWTOFORGE

Strip extra spaces

Suppose you have a line like: "HowtoForge is an extremely good resource for Linux tutorials". And the requirement is to strip extra spaces from this line.

Here's how you can use tr to do this:

$ echo 'HowtoForge is an extremely good resource for Linux tutorials' | tr -s '[:space:]' 
HowtoForge is an extremely good resource for Linux tutorials

Delete text

Suppose you want to delete the hyphens from the following line: "HowtoForge -- is -- an -- extremely -- good -- resource -- for -- Linux -- tutorials." Then here's how you can do this using tr.

echo 'HowtoForge -- is -- an -- extremely -- good -- resource -- for -- Linux -- tutorials' | tr -d '-'

Following is the output it produces:

HowtoForge is an extremely good resource for Linux tutorials

Replace characters

In the previous section, suppose the requirement was to replace hyphens with, let's say, dots. Then here's how you can do that using tr.

echo 'HowtoForge -- is -- an -- extremely -- good -- resource -- for -- Linux -- tutorials' | tr '-' '.'

Following is the output it produced:

HowtoForge .. is .. an .. extremely .. good .. resource .. for .. Linux .. tutorials

POSIX Character set

[:digit:] Only the digits 0 to 9
[:alnum:] Any alphanumeric character
[:alpha:] Any alpha character A to Z or a to z.
[:blank:] Space and TAB characters only.
[:xdigit:] Hexadecimal notation 0-9, A-F, a-f.
[:punct:] Punctuation symbols . , " ‘ ? ! ; : # $ % & ( ) * + - / < > = @ [ ] \ ^ _ { } | ~
[:print:] Any printable character.
[:space:] Any whitespace characters (space, tab, NL, FF, VT, CR). Many system abbreviates as \s.
[:graph:] Exclude whitespace (SPACE, TAB). Many system abbreviate as \W.
[:upper:] Any alpha character A to Z.
[:lower:] Any alpha character a to z.
[:cntrl:] Control Characters NL CR LF TAB VT FF NUL SOH STX EXT EOT ENQ ACK SO SI DLE DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 NAK SYN ETB CAN EM SUB ESC IS1 IS2 IS3 IS4 DEL.

Character sets

  1. a-z To represent complete lower case alphabets
  2. A-Z to represent upper case alphabets
  3. 0-9 To describe the set of numbers.

lower to upper case.

echo "sahil suri" | tr 'a-z' 'A-Z'
SAHIL SURI

The tr command mentioned above implies to translate all alphabets in lowercase denoted by ‘a-z’ into alphabets in upper case denoted by ‘A-Z’

Convert all characters in input from upper to lower case

echo "SAHIL SURI" | tr 'A-Z' 'a-z'
sahil suri

Translate only particular characters from lower to upper case

echo "sahil suri" | tr 'shlr' 'SHLR'
SaHiL SuRi

In the previous two examples, we gave ranges, but we can use distinct characters as well as shown in the above example.

Use multiple ranges

echo "sahil suri" | tr 'a-dr-z' 'A-DR-Z'
SAhil SURi

translate individual characters as well

Translate braces into parenthesis
echo "{ Hello World }" > infile
tr '{}' '()' < infile > outfile
cat outfile
( Hello World )

Translate spaces to new lines.

We use infile as our test file. Use cat command to display the content of the file.

cat infile
solaris linux aix
cat infile | tr " " "\n"
solaris
linux
aix

cat infile | tr "[:space:] " "\n"

solaris
linux
aix

While using translate, you may use " " or [:space:] to represent white space. I find the first option easier to type.

Replace white space

cat infile | tr " " ":"
solaris:linux:aix
cat infile | tr " " "|"
solaris|linux|aix

Replace multiple occurrences

... with a single appearance of the character.

In below example, we replaced numerous spaces with separate space.

cat infile
solaris linux aix
tr -s " " < infile
solaris linux aix

In the above case, we used the tr command with -s option to indicate a squeeze operation.This replaces multiple occurrences of a character with a single appearance of the same character.

… with a different character
cat infile
solaris linux aix
tr -s " " ";" < infile
solaris;linux;aix

The above tr command squeezes multiple occurrences of white space into one semicolon character.

Delete all occurances of a character.

To delete occurrences of a character we use the -d option with the tr command followed by the character to be removed.

echo "linuxunix" | tr -d 'u'
linxnix

The above command removes all occurrences of the character u from the input string.

Remove all digits from the input.

echo "james bond 007" | tr -d '0-9'
james bond

Remove all alphabets from the input.

echo "james bond 007" | tr -d 'a-zA-Z'
007

Remove characters except the given

We used -d option to delete characters we mentioned from the input. We may use the -c option with the -d option to delete all characters except those that we mention.

echo "solaris linux hp-ux" | tr -cd 'slh'
slslh

The above tr command removed all characters including the new line leaving behind the characters s,l and h which we mentioned to be removed. Using the -c option is also sometimes referred to as complimenting the set.

Remove all non-alphanumeric and space

echo "solaris | linux 007 ; hp-ux :::: aix" | tr -cd "[:alpha:][:space:][:digit:]"
solaris linux 007 hpux aix

This example could prove to be especially useful when dealing with a file having a lot of junk characters.

Translate non-alphanumeric characters into a single newline character

echo "james bond 007" | tr -cs 'a-zA-Z0-9' '\n'
james
bond
007

Join lines in a file into a single

cat infile
solaris
linux
aix
tr -s '\n' ' ' < infile
solaris linux aix [root@linuxnix ~]#

The above tr command squeezes the new line character into a single space character.This option can be useful when attempting to consolidate scattered text in a file.

This concludes our exploration of the tr command. Please consider reading our articles about sed which is another utility that provides most of the translation features we discussed in the above examples and a lot more.

Problembehebung

Aufruf

Und folgendes ist seine Syntax:

tr [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2]

hier ist, was SET bedeutet:

SETs are specified as strings of characters. Most represent themselves. Interpreted sequences are: \NNN character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 octal digits)

\\ backslash
\a audible BEL
\b backspace
\f form feed
\n new line
\r return
\t horizontal tab
\v vertical tab

Depending on the kind of work you do on the command line in Linux, you may want a utility that can act as a Swiss army knife of quick text editing. Gladly, there exists a tool dubbed tr, which qualifies for this role. In this tutorial, we will discuss the basics of tr using some easy to understand examples.

Here's how the tool's man page explains it:

Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters from standard input, writing to standard output.

And following is its syntax:

tr [OPTION]... SET1 [SET2]

here's what SET means:

SETs are specified as strings of characters. Most represent themselves. Interpreted sequences are:

\NNN character with octal value NNN (1 to 3 octal digits)
\\ backslash
\a audible BEL
\b backspace
\f form feed
\n new line
\r return
\t horizontal tab
\v vertical tab

Along with the Linux sed command, the tr command stands for translate is used to provide a level of swapping or translation, suppression or deletion of files. The tr command just translates one character to another character. In this article, we’ll share a couple of examples demonstrating some exciting things that we can do with the tr command.

tr OPTION ZEICHENFOLGE1 ZEICHENFOLGE2
tr [option] stringValue1 [stringValue2]

option and stringValue2 are optional for tr command. You can use -c, -s and -d option with tr command to do different types of tasks.

tr [OPTION] [SET1] [SET2]

SET1 denotes what we wish to translate in the input file, and SET2 means what we want to convert SET1 as the output of the translation. So the sets can be a single character or multiple characters.

Example1: Suppose you just want to replace a in "sahil suri" with b we can use tr sets. We use echo command to send "sahil suri" to tr command. The tr command by default is not able to read data stream. We use Linux inbuilt redirection operators to feed data to tr command.

echo "sahil suri" | tr 'a' 'b'
sbhil suri

Example2: Suppose if you want to replace multiple characters one after the other then we can use below-set examples. Suppose you want to replace a with b, r with x and i with z, below is the case you are looking at.

echo "sahil suri" | tr 'ari' 'bxz'
sbhzl suxz

Note: Make sure that first set and second set have the same number of characters. For example, i is just replaced with z as we don’t have the third character on the list below.

echo "sahil suri" | tr 'ari' 'bz'
sbhzl suzz

Similarly, we can use sets to convert multiple letters. Some of the sets tr supports are as below.


Optionen

Option Beschreibung
-c, -C oder --complement Komplement der angegebenen Zeichenfolge
-d oder --delete Löschen (nicht Ersetzen) von Zeichen
-s oder --squeeze-repeats Mehrere identische aufeinanderfolgende Zeichen durch ein einzelnes ersetzen
-t oder --truncate-set1 Beschneide zunächst den ersten Datensatz auf die Länge des zweiten Datensatzes

Befehlssequenzen

Option Beschreibung
\\ Backslash
\b Rücktaste
\n Zeilenumbruch
\t Horizontaler Tab
ZEICHEN1-ZEICHEN 2 Alle Zeichen von ZEICHEN 1 bis ZEICHEN2
[:alpha:] Alle Buchstaben
[:blank:] Alle horizontalen Leerzeichen
[:digit:] Alle Zahlen
[:lower:] Alle Kleinbuchstuben
[:upper:] Alle Großbuchstaben

Weitere Angaben sind der Manpage zu entnehmen. Man beachte, dass die Zsh die eckigen Klammern beispielsweise in [:blank:] als Wildcard-Parameter interpretiert und sie daher nicht an tr weitergibt. Benutzer der Zsh sollten solche Argument daher in einfache oder doppelte Anführungszeichen einschließen.

Argumente

Umgebungsvariablen

Exit-Status

Siehe auch

Dokumentation

RFC

Man-Page

Info-Pages

Links

Projekt

Weblinks