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| '''E-Mail-Server-Setup''' mit Postfix, Dovecot und MySQL | | '''E-Mail-Server-Setup''' mit Postfix, Dovecot und MySQL |
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| |
|
| == Beschreibung == | | === Beschreibung === |
| Die Konfiguration eines E-Mail-Servers mit Postfix, Dovecot und MySQL
| | Konfiguration eines E-Mail-Servers mit Postfix, Dovecot und MySQL |
| # Einrichten einer Linode und Implementierung geeigneter Sicherheitsmaßnahmen | | # DNS konfigurieren |
| # Konfigurieren Sie DNS, damit der Server E-Mails empfangen kann
| | # Datenbank einrichten |
| # Installieren und konfigurieren Sie MySQL | | # Postfix installieren und einrichten |
| # Postfix einrichten, einschließlich der Vornahme aller notwendigen Konfigurationsänderungen in den entsprechenden Dateien (z.B. main.cf) | | # Dovecot installieren und einrichten |
| # Installieren und konfigurieren Sie Dovecot als Mail-Delivery-Agent | | # Testen des E-Mail-Server |
| # Testen Sie den E-Mail-Server mit Mailutils | | # Weitere Domänen und E-Mail-Adressen hinzuzufügen |
| # Aktualisieren Sie MySQL, um bei Bedarf weitere Domänen und E-Mail-Adressen hinzuzufügen | | |
| | === Voraussetzungen === |
| | # Linux-Server mit geeigneten Sicherheitsmaßnahmen |
|
| |
|
| == Installation ==
| |
| == Anwendungen ==
| |
| === DNS konfigurieren === | | === DNS konfigurieren === |
| Wenn Sie bereit sind, das DNS zu aktualisieren und mit dem Senden von E-Mails an den Server zu beginnen, bearbeiten Sie die DNS-Einträge der Domäne, um Ihren E-Mail-Server zu definieren: | | Wenn Sie bereit sind, das DNS zu aktualisieren und mit dem Senden von E-Mails an den Server zu beginnen, bearbeiten Sie die DNS-Einträge der Domäne, um Ihren E-Mail-Server zu definieren: |
| * Fügen Sie einen DNS-Eintrag für Ihren E-Mail-Server hinzu | | * Fügen Sie einen DNS-Eintrag für Ihren E-Mail-Server hinzu |
| ** Dies kann entweder ein A-Eintrag sein, der auf die IP-Adresse Ihres Servers verweist, oder ein CNAME-Eintrag, der auf einen Domänennamen verweist. Unabhängig davon, welcher Eintrag gewählt wird, setzen Sie den Hostnamen/Namen auf Mail.
| | * Dies kann entweder ein A-Eintrag sein, der auf die IP-Adresse Ihres Servers verweist, oder ein CNAME-Eintrag, der auf einen Domänennamen verweist. |
| | * Unabhängig davon, welcher Eintrag gewählt wird, setzen Sie den Hostnamen/Namen auf Mail. |
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| |
|
| ; MX-Record | | ; MX-Record |
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| === Aktualisieren der Hosts-Datei === | | === Aktualisieren der Hosts-Datei === |
| Stellen Sie sicher, dass | | Stellen Sie sicher, dass |
| * die Hosts-Datei eine Zeile für die öffentliche IP-Adresse der Linode enthält | | * die Hosts-Datei eine Zeile für die öffentliche IP-Adresse enthält |
| * mit dem '''Fully Qualified Domain Name''' (FQDN) verbunden ist | | * mit dem '''Fully Qualified Domain Name''' (FQDN) verbunden ist |
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| 192.0.2.0 mail.example.com mail | | 192.0.2.0 mail.example.com mail |
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| |
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| === Install SSL Certificate === | | === SSL-Zertifikat installieren === |
| You will need to install an SSL certificate on your mail server prior to completing the [https://www.linode.com/docs/guides/email-with-postfix-dovecot-and-mysql/#dovecot Dovecot] configuration steps. The SSL certificate will authenticate the identity of the mail server to users and encrypt the transmitted data between the user’s mail client and the mail server.
| | Sie müssen ein SSL-Zertifikat auf Ihrem Mailserver installieren, bevor Sie die [https://www.linode.com/docs/guides/email-with-postfix-dovecot-and-mysql/#dovecot Dovecot]-Konfigurationsschritte abschließen. |
| | * Das SSL-Zertifikat authentifiziert die Identität des Mailservers gegenüber den Benutzern und verschlüsselt die übertragenen Daten zwischen dem Mail-Client des Benutzers und dem Mailserver. |
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| |
|
| While you can generate an SSL certificate through any certificate authority, we recommend using Certbot to quickly and easily generate a free certificate. Follow these [https://certbot.eff.org/instructions Certbot instructions], selecting your Linux distribution and web server software (or “None” if this server is only functioning as a mail server). Once installed, run Certbot with the certonly option and type in the FQDN name of your mail server (such as ''mail.example.com''):
| | Sie können zwar ein SSL-Zertifikat über eine beliebige Zertifizierungsstelle generieren, wir empfehlen jedoch die Verwendung von Certbot, um schnell und einfach ein kostenloses Zertifikat zu generieren. |
| | * Befolgen Sie diese [https://certbot.eff.org/instructions Certbot-Anleitung] und wählen Sie Ihre Linux-Distribution und Webserver-Software (oder "None", wenn dieser Server nur als Mailserver fungiert). |
| | * Nach der Installation führen Sie Certbot mit der Option certonly aus und geben Sie den FQDN-Namen Ihres Mailservers ein (z. B. ''mail.example.com''): |
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| |
|
| # certbot certonly --standalone | | # certbot certonly --standalone |
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| |
|
| You can also reference the [https://www.linode.com/docs/guides/secure-http-traffic-certbot/ Install an SSL Certificate with Certbot] guide. Make a note of the file paths for the certificate and private key on the Linode. You will need the path to each during the [https://www.linode.com/docs/guides/email-with-postfix-dovecot-and-mysql/#dovecot Dovecot] configuration steps.
| | Sie können auch die Anleitung [https://www.linode.com/docs/guides/secure-http-traffic-certbot/ Install an SSL Certificate with Certbot] zu Rate ziehen. |
| | * Notieren Sie sich die Dateipfade für das Zertifikat und den privaten Schlüssel. |
| | * Sie benötigen die Pfade für die [https://www.linode.com/docs/guides/email-with-postfix-dovecot-and-mysql/#dovecot Dovecot] Konfigurationsschritte. |
|
| |
|
| === Install Packages === | | === Install Packages === |
| ; Log in via SSH
| |
| $ ssh username@<IP-Adresse>
| |
|
| |
| ; Update your system | | ; Update your system |
| # apt-get update | | # apt-get update |
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| # apt-get install postfix postfix-mysql dovecot-core dovecot-imapd dovecot-pop3d dovecot-lmtpd dovecot-mysql mysql-server | | # apt-get install postfix postfix-mysql dovecot-core dovecot-imapd dovecot-pop3d dovecot-lmtpd dovecot-mysql mysql-server |
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| |
|
| This will install the '''mysql-server''' package, which isn’t available by default on some newer versions of Debian. If you receive a message stating that the package is not available, install '''mariadb-server''' instead. MariaDB is a drop-in MySQL replacement.
| | Dadurch wird das Paket '''mysql-server''' installiert, das in einigen neueren Versionen von Debian nicht standardmäßig verfügbar ist. |
| You will not be prompted to enter a password for the root MySQL user for recent versions of MySQL. This is because on Debian and Ubuntu, MySQL now uses either the unix_socket or auth_socket authorization plugin by default. This authorization scheme allows you to log in to the database’s root user as long as you are connecting from the Linux root user on localhost.
| | * Wenn Sie eine Meldung erhalten, dass das Paket nicht verfügbar ist, installieren Sie stattdessen '''mariadb-server'''. |
| When prompted, select '''Internet Site''' as the type of mail server the Postfix installer should configure. In the next screen, the ''System Mail Name'' should be set to the domain you’d like to send and receive email through.
| | * MariaDB ist ein sofort einsetzbarer MySQL-Ersatz. |
| | |
| | Bei neueren Versionen von MySQL werden Sie nicht aufgefordert, ein Passwort für den Root-MySQL-Benutzer einzugeben. |
| | * Das liegt daran, dass MySQL unter Debian und Ubuntu jetzt standardmäßig entweder das unix_socket- oder auth_socket-Autorisierungs-Plugin verwendet. |
| | * Dieses Autorisierungsschema erlaubt es Ihnen, sich mit dem Root-Benutzer der Datenbank anzumelden, solange Sie sich mit dem Linux-Root-Benutzer auf localhost verbinden. |
| | |
| | Wenn Sie dazu aufgefordert werden, wählen Sie '''Internet Site''' als Typ des Mailservers, den das Postfix-Installationsprogramm konfigurieren soll. |
| | * Im nächsten Fenster sollte der ''System Mail Name'' auf die Domäne gesetzt werden, über die Sie E-Mails senden und empfangen möchten. |
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| |
|
| [[Image:Bild2.png|top|alt="Choose “Internet Site” for Postfix."]] | | [[Image:Bild2.png|top|alt="Choose “Internet Site” for Postfix."]] |
| [[Image:Bild3.png|top|alt="Set the system mail name for Postfix."]] | | [[Image:Bild3.png|top|alt="Set the system mail name for Postfix."]] |
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| |
|
| ==== Versions ==== | | === Datenbank === |
| The following software versions are compatible with the instructions in this guide:
| | siehe [[E-Mail/Server/Setup:Datenbank]] |
| * Postfix 3.3.x and 3.4.x
| |
| * Dovecot 2.2.x and 2.3.x
| |
| * MySQL 5.7 and 8.0 (or MariaDB 10.3)
| |
| | |
| While other versions are possibly fully compatible as well, they may require different commands or additional configuration.
| |
| | |
| ==== Database ====
| |
| Data for the mail server’s users (email addresses), domains, and aliases are stored in a MySQL (or MariaDB) database. Both Dovecot and Postfix interact with this data.
| |
| | |
| ; Follow the steps below to create the database and add tables for virtual users, domains and aliases:
| |
| | |
| # Use the [https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/mysql_secure_installation/ mysql_secure_installation] tool to configure additional security options. This tool will ask if you want to set a new password for the MySQL root user, but you can skip that step:
| |
| # mysql_secure_installation
| |
| Answer '''Y''' at the following prompts:
| |
| #* Remove anonymous users?
| |
| #* Disallow root login remotely?
| |
| #* Remove test database and access to it?
| |
| #* Reload privilege tables now?
| |
| # Log in to MySQL as a root user:
| |
| # mysql -u root -p
| |
| # Create a new database:
| |
| CREATE DATABASE mailserver;
| |
| # Create the MySQL user and grant the new user permissions over the database. Replace password with a secure password for ''mailuser'':
| |
| CREATE USER 'mailuser'@'127.0.0.1' IDENTIFIED BY 'password';
| |
| GRANT SELECT ON mailserver.* TO 'mailuser'@'127.0.0.1';
| |
| # Run FLUSH to reload the MySQL database and apply the change:
| |
| FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
| |
| # Switch to the new mailserver database:
| |
| USE mailserver;
| |
| # Create a table for the domains that will receive mail on the Linode:
| |
| CREATE TABLE `virtual_domains` (
| |
| `id` int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
| |
| `name` varchar(50) NOT NULL,
| |
| PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
| |
| ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
| |
| # Create a table for all of the email addresses and passwords:
| |
| CREATE TABLE `virtual_users` (
| |
| `id` int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
| |
| `domain_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
| |
| `password` varchar(106) NOT NULL,
| |
| `email` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
| |
| PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
| |
| UNIQUE KEY `email` (`email`),
| |
| FOREIGN KEY (domain_id) REFERENCES virtual_domains(id) ON DELETE CASCADE
| |
| ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
| |
| # Create a table for the email aliases:
| |
| CREATE TABLE `virtual_aliases` (
| |
| `id` int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment,
| |
| `domain_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
| |
| `source` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
| |
| `destination` varchar(100) NOT NULL,
| |
| PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
| |
| FOREIGN KEY (domain_id) REFERENCES virtual_domains(id) ON DELETE CASCADE
| |
| ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
| |
| | |
| ==== Adding a Domain within MySQL ====
| |
| # Verify that you are still logged into the MySQL shell. If not, run # mysql -u root -p to access MySQL.
| |
| # Add the domains to the virtual_domains table. Replace the values for example.com and hostname with your own settings:
| |
| INSERT INTO mailserver.virtual_domains (name) VALUES ('example.com');
| |
| # Verify the alias was added correctly by running a SELECT query on the virtual_domains table. Make a note of the corresponding id next to the domain as this will be used when adding emails and aliases.
| |
| SELECT * FROM mailserver.virtual_domains;
| |
| # If needed, repeat this process to add another domain.
| |
| | |
| ==== Adding an Email Address within MySQL ====
| |
| # If you are still logged in to MySQL, return to your main Linux shell by typing exit and hitting enter.
| |
| # Generate a hash using the SHA512-CRYPT encryption scheme by running the command below, replacing password with the password you’d like to use for the email user.
| |
| # doveadm pw -s SHA512-CRYPT -p "password" -r 5000
| |
| The output will look similar to {SHA512-CRYPT}$6$hvEwQ.... Copy this output, ignoring the first 14 characters of ''{SHA512-CRYPT}''. Since the SHA512-CRYPT scheme was used, the password should start with ''$6$''.
| |
| # Log back into MySQL as the root user:
| |
| # mysql -u root -p
| |
| # Add the email address and password hash to the virtual_users table. The domain_id value (currently set to '1') references the virtual_domain table’s id value. If you added more than one domain, replace this value to correspond with the desired domain. Replace user@example.com with the email address that you wish to configure on the mail server. Replace hash with password hash generated in a previous step.
| |
| INSERT INTO mailserver.virtual_users (domain_id, password , email) VALUES ('1', 'hash', 'user@example.com');
| |
| # Verify the email was added correctly by running a SELECT query on the virtual_users table.
| |
| SELECT * FROM mailserver.virtual_users;
| |
| # If needed, repeat this process to add another email address.
| |
| | |
| Alternatively, the password hash can be generated directly within the MySQL INSERT statement above by replacing 'hash' (deleting the single quote characters as well) with one of the following:* Using the [https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/encryption-functions.html#function_encrypt ENCRYPT()] function: ENCRYPT('password', CONCAT('$6$', SUBSTRING(SHA(RAND()), -16))), replacing password with the plain text password desired for the email user. This function has been removed from MySQL 5.8 and above.
| |
| * Using the [https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/encryption-functions.html#function_sha2 SHA2()] function: TO_BASE64(UNHEX(SHA2('password', 512))), replacing password with the plain text password desired for the email user. This function generates the hash in a slightly different scheme. When configuring the Dovecot MYSQL settings (/etc/dovecot/dovecot-sql.conf.ext) in this guide, set default_pass_scheme to SHA512 instead of SHA512-CRYPT.
| |
| | |
| ==== Adding an Alias within MySQL ====
| |
| An email alias forwards all emails it receives to another email address. While not required, you can follow the steps below to add an email alias.# Verify that you are still logged into the MySQL shell. If not, run # mysql -u root -p to access MySQL.
| |
| # Add the alias to the virtual_aliases table. The domain_id value (currently set to '1') references the virtual_domain table’s id value. If you added more than one domain, replace this value to correspond with the desired domain. Replace alias@example.com with the desired alias. Replace user@example.com with the email address that you wish to forward email to.
| |
| INSERT INTO mailserver.virtual_aliases (domain_id, source, destination) VALUES ('1', 'alias@example.com', 'user@example.com');
| |
| # Verify the alias was added correctly by running a SELECT query on the virtual_aliases table.
| |
| SELECT * FROM mailserver.virtual_aliases;
| |
| # If needed, repeat this process to add another email alias.
| |
| | |
| === Postfix MTA Email Server ===
| |
| Postfix is a ''Mail Transfer Agent'' (MTA) that relays mail between the Linode and the internet. It is highly configurable, allowing for great flexibility. This guide maintains many of Posfix’s default configuration values.
| |
| | |
| ==== How Do Postfix And Dovecot Work Together? ====
| |
| Postfix and Dovecot work together to help make email servers function as intended (sending and receiving email) and accessible to whichever email client the end user wishes to use. While Postfix manages email delivery and receipt, Dovecot allows email clients to connect to these emails when we want to read them.
| |
| | |
| ==== Configuration File Settings for Postfix Email Server ====
| |
| The main.cf file is the primary configuration file used by Postfix.# If you are still logged in to MySQL, return to your main Linux shell by typing exit and hitting enter.
| |
| # Make a copy of the default Postfix configuration file in case you need to revert to the default configuration:
| |
| # cp /etc/postfix/main.cf /etc/postfix/main.cf.orig
| |
| # Edit the /etc/postfix/main.cf file, replacing any occurrences of example.com with your domain name and verifying that the paths to the SSL certificate and private key are correct. Here is an example file that can be used:
| |
| | |
| * File: /etc/postfix/main.cf
| |
| | |
| {|
| |
| |-
| |
| ||
| |
| || # See /usr/share/postfix/main.cf.dist for a commented, more complete version
| |
| | |
| # Debian specific: Specifying a file name will cause the first
| |
| # line of that file to be used as the name. The Debian default
| |
| # is /etc/mailname.
| |
| #myorigin = /etc/mailname
| |
| | |
| smtpd_banner = $myhostname ESMTP $mail_name (Ubuntu)
| |
| biff = no
| |
| | |
| # appending .domain is the MUA's job.
| |
| append_dot_mydomain = no
| |
| | |
| # Uncomment the next line to generate "delayed mail" warnings
| |
| #delay_warning_time = 4h
| |
| | |
| readme_directory = no
| |
| | |
| # See http://www.postfix.org/COMPATIBILITY_README.html -- default to 2 on
| |
| # fresh installs.
| |
| compatibility_level = 2
| |
| | |
| # TLS parameters
| |
| smtpd_tls_cert_file=/etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/fullchain.pem
| |
| smtpd_tls_key_file=/etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/privkey.pem
| |
| smtpd_use_tls=yes
| |
| smtpd_tls_auth_only = yes
| |
| smtp_tls_security_level = may
| |
| smtpd_tls_security_level = may
| |
| smtpd_sasl_security_options = noanonymous, noplaintext
| |
| smtpd_sasl_tls_security_options = noanonymous
| |
| | |
| # Authentication
| |
| smtpd_sasl_type = dovecot
| |
| smtpd_sasl_path = private/auth
| |
| smtpd_sasl_auth_enable = yes
| |
| | |
| # See /usr/share/doc/postfix/TLS_README.gz in the postfix-doc package for
| |
| # information on enabling SSL in the smtp client.
| |
| | |
| # Restrictions
| |
| smtpd_helo_restrictions ==
| |
| permit_mynetworks,
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| permit_sasl_authenticated,
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| reject_invalid_helo_hostname,
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| reject_non_fqdn_helo_hostname
| |
| smtpd_recipient_restrictions ==
| |
| permit_mynetworks,
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| permit_sasl_authenticated,
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| reject_non_fqdn_recipient,
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| reject_unknown_recipient_domain,
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| reject_unlisted_recipient,
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| reject_unauth_destination
| |
| smtpd_sender_restrictions ==
| |
| permit_mynetworks,
| |
| permit_sasl_authenticated,
| |
| reject_non_fqdn_sender,
| |
| reject_unknown_sender_domain
| |
| smtpd_relay_restrictions ==
| |
| permit_mynetworks,
| |
| permit_sasl_authenticated,
| |
| defer_unauth_destination
| |
| | |
| # See /usr/share/doc/postfix/TLS_README.gz in the postfix-doc package for
| |
| # information on enabling SSL in the smtp client.
| |
| | |
| myhostname = example.com
| |
| alias_maps = hash:/etc/aliases
| |
| alias_database = hash:/etc/aliases
| |
| mydomain = example.com
| |
| myorigin = $mydomain
| |
| mydestination = localhost
| |
| relayhost ==
| |
| mynetworks = 127.0.0.0/8 [::ffff:127.0.0.0]/104 [::1]/128
| |
| mailbox_size_limit = 0
| |
| recipient_delimiter = +
| |
| inet_interfaces = all
| |
| inet_protocols = all
| |
| | |
| # Handing off local delivery to Dovecot's LMTP, and telling it where to store mail
| |
| virtual_transport = lmtp:unix:private/dovecot-lmtp
| |
| | |
| # Virtual domains, users, and aliases
| |
| virtual_mailbox_domains = mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql-virtual-mailbox-domains.cf
| |
| virtual_mailbox_maps = mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql-virtual-mailbox-maps.cf
| |
| virtual_alias_maps = mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql-virtual-alias-maps.cf,
| |
| mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql-virtual-email2email.cf
| |
| | |
| # Even more Restrictions and MTA params
| |
| disable_vrfy_command = yes
| |
| strict_rfc821_envelopes = yes
| |
| #smtpd_etrn_restrictions = reject
| |
| #smtpd_reject_unlisted_sender = yes
| |
| #smtpd_reject_unlisted_recipient = yes
| |
| smtpd_delay_reject = yes
| |
| smtpd_helo_required = yes
| |
| smtp_always_send_ehlo = yes
| |
| #smtpd_hard_error_limit = 1
| |
| smtpd_timeout = 30s
| |
| smtp_helo_timeout = 15s
| |
| smtp_rcpt_timeout = 15s
| |
| smtpd_recipient_limit = 40
| |
| minimal_backoff_time = 180s
| |
| maximal_backoff_time = 3h
| |
| | |
| # Reply Rejection Codes
| |
| invalid_hostname_reject_code = 550
| |
| non_fqdn_reject_code = 550
| |
| unknown_address_reject_code = 550
| |
| unknown_client_reject_code = 550
| |
| unknown_hostname_reject_code = 550
| |
| unverified_recipient_reject_code = 550
| |
| unverified_sender_reject_code = 550
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| * The main.cf file declares the location of virtual_mailbox_domains, virtual_mailbox_maps, and virtual_alias_maps files. These files contain the connection information for the MySQL lookup tables created in the [https://www.linode.com/docs/guides/email-with-postfix-dovecot-and-mysql/#mysql MySQL] section of this guide. Postfix will use this data to identify all domains, corresponding mailboxes, and valid users.
| |
| | |
| Create the file for virtual_mailbox_domains. Replace the value for password with your database user’s password. If you used a different name for your database user and dbname replace those with your own values:* File: /etc/postfix/mysql-virtual-mailbox-domains.cf
| |
| | |
| {|
| |
| |-
| |
| ||
| |
| || user = mailuser
| |
| password = mailuserpass
| |
| hosts = 127.0.0.1
| |
| dbname = mailserver
| |
| query = SELECT 1 FROM virtual_domains WHERE name='%s'
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| * Create the /etc/postfix/mysql-virtual-mailbox-maps.cf file, and enter the following values. Use the database user’s password and make any other changes as needed:
| |
| | |
| * File: /etc/postfix/mysql-virtual-mailbox-maps.cf
| |
| | |
| {|
| |
| |-
| |
| ||
| |
| || user = mailuser
| |
| password = mailuserpass
| |
| hosts = 127.0.0.1
| |
| dbname = mailserver
| |
| query = SELECT 1 FROM virtual_users WHERE email='%s'
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| * Create the /etc/postfix/mysql-virtual-alias-maps.cf file and enter the following values. Use the database user’s password and make any other changes as needed:
| |
| | |
| * File: /etc/postfix/mysql-virtual-alias-maps.cf
| |
| | |
| {|
| |
| |-
| |
| ||
| |
| || user = mailuser
| |
| password = mailuserpass
| |
| hosts = 127.0.0.1
| |
| dbname = mailserver
| |
| query = SELECT destination FROM virtual_aliases WHERE source='%s'
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| * Create the /etc/postfix/mysql-virtual-email2email.cf file and enter the following values. Use the database user’s password and make any other changes as needed:
| |
| | |
| # File: /etc/postfix/mysql-virtual-email2email.cf
| |
| | |
| {|
| |
| |-
| |
| ||
| |
| || user = mailuser
| |
| password = mailuserpass
| |
| hosts = 127.0.0.1
| |
| dbname = mailserver
| |
| query = SELECT email FROM virtual_users WHERE email='%s'
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| # Restart Postfix:
| |
| # systemctl restart postfix
| |
| | |
| ==== Testing Postfix ====
| |
| We can test the Postfix configuration by using the postmap command, which can query Postfix’s lookup tables.# Enter the following command to ensure that Postfix can query the virtual_domains table. Replace example.com with the first name value. The command should return 1 if it is successful:
| |
| # postmap -q example.com mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql-virtual-mailbox-domains.cf
| |
| # Test Postfix to verify that it can retrieve the first email address from the MySQL table virtual_users. Replace email1@example.com with the first email address added to the table. You should receive 1 as the output:
| |
| # postmap -q email1@example.com mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql-virtual-mailbox-maps.cf
| |
| # Test Postfix to verify that it can query the virtual_aliases table. Replace alias@example.com with the first source value created in the table. The command should return the destination value for the row:
| |
| # postmap -q alias@example.com mysql:/etc/postfix/mysql-virtual-alias-maps.cf
| |
| | |
| ==== Master Program Settings ====
| |
| Postfix’s master program starts and monitors all of Postfix’s processes. The configuration file master.cf lists all programs and information on how they should be started.# Make a copy of the /etc/postfix/master.cf file:
| |
| # cp /etc/postfix/master.cf /etc/postfix/master.cf.orig
| |
|
| |
|
| ; Edit /etc/postfix/master.cf to contain the values in the excerpt below. The rest of the file can remain unchanged:
| | === Postfix === |
| | | siehe [[E-Mail/Server/Setup:Postfix]] |
| # File: /etc/postfix/master.cf
| |
| #
| |
| # Postfix master process configuration file. For details on the format
| |
| # of the file, see the master(5) manual page (command: "man 5 master" or
| |
| # on-line: http://www.postfix.org/master.5.html).
| |
| #
| |
| # Do not forget to execute "postfix reload" after editing this file.
| |
| #
| |
| # ==========================================================================
| |
| # service type private unpriv chroot wakeup maxproc command + args
| |
| # (yes) (yes) (yes) (never) (100)
| |
| # ==========================================================================
| |
| smtp inet n - n - - smtpd
| |
| #smtp inet n - - - 1 postscreen
| |
| #smtpd pass - - - - - smtpd
| |
| #dnsblog unix - - - - 0 dnsblog
| |
| #tlsproxy unix - - - - 0 tlsproxy
| |
| submission inet n - y - - smtpd
| |
| -o syslog_name=postfix/submission
| |
| -o smtpd_tls_security_level=encrypt
| |
| -o smtpd_sasl_auth_enable=yes
| |
| -o smtpd_sasl_type=dovecot
| |
| -o smtpd_sasl_path=private/auth
| |
| -o smtpd_reject_unlisted_recipient=no
| |
| -o smtpd_client_restrictions=permit_sasl_authenticated,reject
| |
| -o milter_macro_daemon_name=ORIGINATING
| |
| smtps inet n - - - - smtpd
| |
| -o syslog_name=postfix/smtps
| |
| -o smtpd_tls_wrappermode=yes
| |
| -o smtpd_sasl_auth_enable=yes
| |
| -o smtpd_sasl_type=dovecot
| |
| -o smtpd_sasl_path=private/auth
| |
| -o smtpd_client_restrictions=permit_sasl_authenticated,reject
| |
| -o milter_macro_daemon_name=ORIGINATING
| |
| [...]
| |
| | |
| ; Change the permissions
| |
| of the /etc/postfix directory to restrict permissions to allow only its owner and the corresponding group
| |
| # chmod -R o-rwx /etc/postfix
| |
| | |
| ; Restart Postfix:
| |
| # systemctl restart postfix
| |
|
| |
|
| === Dovecot === | | === Dovecot === |
| Dovecot is a POP3 and IMAP server, which provides email clients with access to emails on the server. It also acts as the ''Local Delivery Agent'' (LDA), which takes email from Postfix (or other MTA / mail server software) and stores them. | | siehe [[Dovecot#Installation]] |
|
| |
|
| When Dovecot was installed in previous steps, additional Dovecot modules (including dovecot-antispam, dovecot-solr, dovecot-ldap, and dovecot-sieve) were also installed. These modules help Dovecot with a range of functions like spam filtering, user directory management, enabling a full text search, and mail filtering.
| | === Testing === |
| | siehe [[E-Mail/Server/Setup:Testing]] |
|
| |
|
| ==== Configuring Dovecot ====
| | === Configuring an Email Client === |
| In this section, we’ll edit Dovecot’s configuration files to use IMAP (and POP3), add our domain details, and configure user authentication. This will also cover configuring Dovecot to force users to use SSL when they connect so that their passwords are never sent to the server in plain text.# Copy all of the configuration files so you can easily revert back to them if needed:
| | You can set up an email client to connect to your mail server. |
| # cp /etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf /etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf.orig
| | * Many clients detect server settings automatically. |
| # cp /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-mail.conf /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-mail.conf.orig
| |
| # cp /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-auth.conf /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-auth.conf.orig
| |
| # cp /etc/dovecot/dovecot-sql.conf.ext /etc/dovecot/dovecot-sql.conf.ext.orig
| |
| # cp /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-master.conf /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-master.conf.orig
| |
| # cp /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-ssl.conf /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-ssl.conf.orig
| |
| # Edit the /etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf file. Add protocols = imap pop3 lmtp to the # Enable installed protocols section of the file. In addition, add the line post_master_address = postmaster at example.com, replacing ''example.com'' with your domain.
| |
| | |
| * File: /etc/dovecot/dovecot.conf | |
| | |
| {|
| |
| |-
| |
| ||
| |
| || ## Dovecot configuration file
| |
| ...
| |
| # Enable installed protocols
| |
| !include_try /usr/share/dovecot/protocols.d/*.protocol
| |
| protocols = imap pop3 lmtp
| |
| | |
| postmaster_address = postmaster at example.com
| |
| ...
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| * Edit the /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-mail.conf file. This file controls how Dovecot interacts with the server’s file system to store and retrieve messages. Modify the following variables within the configuration file:
| |
|
| |
|
| * File: /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-mail.conf
| | Manual configuration requires the following parameters: |
| | |
| {|
| |
| |-
| |
| || 1
| |
| 2
| |
| 3
| |
| 4
| |
| 5
| |
| || ...
| |
| mail_location = maildir:/var/mail/vhosts/%d/%n/
| |
| ...
| |
| mail_privileged_group = mail
| |
| ...
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| * Create the /var/mail/vhosts/ directory and a subdirectory for your domain, replacing ''example.com'' with your domain name:
| |
| | |
| # mkdir -p /var/mail/vhosts/example.com
| |
| | |
| This directory will serve as storage for mail sent to your domain.* Create the vmail group with ID 5000. Add a new user vmail to the vmail group. This system user will read mail from the server.
| |
| | |
| # groupadd -g 5000 vmail
| |
| # useradd -g vmail -u 5000 vmail -d /var/mail* Change the owner of the /var/mail/ folder and its contents to belong to vmail:
| |
| | |
| # chown -R vmail:vmail /var/mail* Edit the user authentication file, located in /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-auth.conf. Uncomment the following variables and replace with the file excerpt’s example values:
| |
| | |
| * File: /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-auth.conf
| |
| | |
| {|
| |
| |-
| |
| ||
| |
| || ...
| |
| disable_plaintext_auth = yes
| |
| ...
| |
| auth_mechanisms = plain login
| |
| ...
| |
| !include auth-system.conf.ext
| |
| ...
| |
| !include auth-sql.conf.ext
| |
| ...
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| '''Note'''
| |
| | |
| For reference, [https://www.linode.com/docs/assets/1238-dovecot_10-auth.conf.txt view a complete ][https://www.linode.com/docs/assets/1238-dovecot_10-auth.conf.txt 10-auth.conf][https://www.linode.com/docs/assets/1238-dovecot_10-auth.conf.txt file].* Edit the /etc/dovecot/conf.d/auth-sql.conf.ext file with authentication and storage information. Ensure your file contains the following lines. Make sure the passdb section is uncommented, that the userdb section that uses the static driver is uncommented and updated with the right argument. Then comment out the userdb section that uses the sql driver:
| |
| | |
| * File: /etc/dovecot/conf.d/auth-sql.conf.ext
| |
| | |
| {|
| |
| |-
| |
| ||
| |
| || ...
| |
| passdb {
| |
| driver = sql
| |
| args = /etc/dovecot/dovecot-sql.conf.ext
| |
| }
| |
| ...
| |
| #userdb {
| |
| # driver = sql
| |
| # args = /etc/dovecot/dovecot-sql.conf.ext
| |
| #}
| |
| ...
| |
| userdb {
| |
| driver = static
| |
| args = uid=vmail gid=vmail home=/var/mail/vhosts/%d/%n
| |
| }
| |
| ...
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| * Update the /etc/dovecot/dovecot-sql.conf.ext file with your MySQL connection information. Uncomment the following variables and replace the values with the excerpt example. Replace dbname, user and password with your own MySQL database values:
| |
| | |
| * File: /etc/dovecot/dovecot-sql.conf.ext
| |
| | |
|
| |
| | |
| {|
| |
| |-
| |
| ||
| |
| || ...
| |
| driver = mysql
| |
| ...
| |
| connect = host=127.0.0.1 dbname=mailserver user=mailuser password=mailuserpass
| |
| ...
| |
| default_pass_scheme = SHA512-CRYPT
| |
| ...
| |
| password_query = SELECT email as user, password FROM virtual_users WHERE email='%u';
| |
| ...
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| The password_query variable uses email addresses listed in the virtual_users table as the username credential for an email account.
| |
| | |
| To use an alias as the username:# Add the alias as the source and destination email address to the virtual_aliases table.
| |
| # Change the /etc/dovecot/dovecot-sql.conf.ext file’s password_query value to password_query = SELECT email as user, password FROM virtual_users WHERE email=(SELECT destination FROM virtual_aliases WHERE source = '%u');
| |
| | |
| '''Note'''
| |
| | |
| For reference, [https://www.linode.com/docs/assets/1284-dovecot__dovecot-sql.conf.ext.txt view] a complete dovecot-sql.conf.extfile.* Change the owner and group of the /etc/dovecot/ directory to vmail and dovecot:
| |
| | |
| # chown -R vmail:dovecot /etc/dovecot* Change the permissions on the /etc/dovecot/ directory to be recursively read, write, and execute for the owner of the directory:
| |
| | |
| # chmod -R o-rwx /etc/dovecot* Edit the service settings file /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-master.conf:
| |
| | |
| '''Note'''
| |
| | |
| When editing the file, be careful not to remove any opening or closing curly braces. If there’s a syntax error, Dovecot will crash silently. You can check /var/log/upstart/dovecot.log to debug the error.
| |
| | |
| Here is [https://www.linode.com/docs/assets/1240-dovecot_10-master.conf.txt an example of a complete ][https://www.linode.com/docs/assets/1240-dovecot_10-master.conf.txt 10-master.conf] file.
| |
| | |
| Disable unencrypted IMAP and POP3 by setting the protocols' ports to 0. Uncomment the port and ssl variables:
| |
| | |
| File: /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-master.conf
| |
| | |
| {|
| |
| |-
| |
| ||
| |
| || ...
| |
| service imap-login {
| |
| inet_listener imap {
| |
| port = 0
| |
| }
| |
| inet_listener imaps {
| |
| port = 993
| |
| ssl = yes
| |
| }
| |
| ...
| |
| }
| |
| ...
| |
| service pop3-login {
| |
| inet_listener pop3 {
| |
| port = 0
| |
| }
| |
| inet_listener pop3s {
| |
| port = 995
| |
| ssl = yes
| |
| }
| |
| }
| |
| ...
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| Find the service lmtp section of the file and use the configuration shown below:
| |
| | |
| File: /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-master.conf
| |
| | |
| {|
| |
| |-
| |
| ||
| |
| || ...
| |
| service lmtp {
| |
| unix_listener /var/spool/postfix/private/dovecot-lmtp {
| |
| #mode = 0666i
| |
| mode = 0600
| |
| user = postfix
| |
| group = postfix
| |
| }
| |
| ...
| |
| }
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| Locate service auth and configure it as shown below:
| |
| | |
| File: /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-master.conf
| |
| | |
| {|
| |
| |-
| |
| ||
| |
| || ...
| |
| service auth {
| |
| ...
| |
| unix_listener /var/spool/postfix/private/auth {
| |
| mode = 0660
| |
| user = postfix
| |
| group = postfix
| |
| }
| |
| | |
| unix_listener auth-userdb {
| |
| mode = 0600
| |
| user = vmail
| |
| }
| |
| ...
| |
| user = dovecot
| |
| }
| |
| ...
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| In the service auth-worker section, uncomment the user line and set it to vmail:* File: /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-master.conf
| |
| | |
| {|
| |
| |-
| |
| ||
| |
| || ...
| |
| service auth-worker {
| |
| ...
| |
| user = vmail
| |
| }
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Save the changes to the /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-master.conf file.* Edit /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-ssl.conf file to require SSL and to add the location of your domain’s SSL certificate and key. Replace example.com with your domain:
| |
| | |
| # File: /etc/dovecot/conf.d/10-ssl.conf
| |
| | |
| {|
| |
| |-
| |
| ||
| |
| || ...
| |
| # SSL/TLS support: yes, no, required. <doc/wiki/SSL.txt>
| |
| ssl = required
| |
| ...
| |
| ssl_cert = </etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/fullchain.pem
| |
| ssl_key = </etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/privkey.pem
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| # Restart Dovecot to enable all configurations:
| |
| # systemctl restart dovecot
| |
| | |
| === Testing the Email Server with Mailutils ===
| |
| # To send and receive test emails to your Linode mail server, install the Mailutils package:
| |
| # apt-get install mailutils
| |
| # Send a test email to an email address outside of your mail server, like a Gmail account. Replace email1@example.com with an email address from your mail server:
| |
| echo "Email body text" | # mail -s "Email subject line" recipient@gmail.com -aFrom:email1@example.com
| |
| # Log in to the test email account and verify that you have received the email from the specified mail server email address.
| |
| # Send a test email to your Linode mail server from an outside email address. Log back in to your Linode and check that the email was received; substitute in the username and domain you sent the mail to:
| |
| # mail -f /var/mail/vhosts/example.com/email1
| |
| When prompted, enter the number corresponding to the email you would like to view:
| |
| "/var/mail/vhosts/example.com/": 9 messages 5 new 4 unread
| |
| U 1 John Doe Wed Jun 27 16:00 57/2788 Test email 1
| |
| U 2 John Doe Wed Jun 27 16:02 56/2761 Test email 2
| |
| U 3 John Doe Wed Jun 27 16:35 15/594 Test email 3
| |
| U 4 John Doe Wed Jun 27 16:42 71/3535 Test email 4
| |
| >N 5 John Doe Mon Jul 2 10:55 13/599 Subject of the Email
| |
| ?
| |
| | |
| The email message header and body should display. Consider adding spam and virus filtering and a webmail client.
| |
| See [https://www.linode.com/docs/guides/troubleshooting-problems-with-postfix-dovecot-and-mysql/ Troubleshooting problems with Postfix, Dovecot, and MySQL] for debugging steps.
| |
| | |
| === Configuring an Email Client ===
| |
| You can set up an email client to connect to your mail server. Many clients detect server settings automatically. Manual configuration requires the following parameters:
| |
| * '''Username:''' An email address that was configured (ex: [mailto:user@example.com user@example.com]). | | * '''Username:''' An email address that was configured (ex: [mailto:user@example.com user@example.com]). |
| * '''Password:''' The password configured for that email. | | * '''Password:''' The password configured for that email. |
| * '''Server:''' (Both incoming and outgoing) A domain that resolves to the Linode (such as ''mail.example.com'') | | * '''Server:''' (Both incoming and outgoing) A domain that resolves to the Server (such as ''mail.example.com'') |
| * '''IMAP:''' Set the port to 993 and the SSL/Security settings to SSL/TLS or equivalent. | | * '''IMAP:''' Set the port to 993 and the SSL/Security settings to SSL/TLS or equivalent. |
| * '''POP3:''' If using POP3 instead of IMAP, set the port to 995 and require SSL. | | * '''POP3:''' If using POP3 instead of IMAP, set the port to 995 and require SSL. |
| Zeile 684: |
Zeile 100: |
|
| |
|
| '''Note''' | | '''Note''' |
| The Thunderbird email client will sometimes have trouble automatically detecting account settings when using Dovecot. After it fails to detect the appropriate account settings, you can set up your email account manually. Add in the appropriate information for each setting, using the above values, leaving no setting on '''Auto''' or '''Autodetect'''. Once you have entered all the information about your mail server and account, press '''Done''' rather '''Re-Test''' and Thunderbird should accept the settings and retrieve your mail. | | The Thunderbird email client will sometimes have trouble automatically detecting account settings when using Dovecot. |
|
| |
|
| === Managing Spam With SpamAssassin: Stop spam on Postfix, Dovecot, And MySQL ===
| | * After it fails to detect the appropriate account settings, you can set up your email account manually. |
| [https://spamassassin.apache.org/ Apache SpamAssassin] is a free and open source platform that allows us to find and filter out spam email. This software is commonly used in tandem with Postfix and Dovecot.# Install SpamAssassin:
| | * Add in the appropriate information for each setting, using the above values, leaving no setting on '''Auto''' or '''Autodetect'''. |
| # apt-get install spamassassin spamc
| | * Once you have entered all the information about your mail server and account, press '''Done''' rather '''Re-Test''' and Thunderbird should accept the settings and retrieve your mail. |
| # Next, create a user for SpamAssassin daemon(spamd):
| |
| # adduser spamd --disabled-login
| |
| # Edit the /etc/default/spamassassin configuration file. Set the home directory, update the OPTIONS parameter with the user that was just created (as well as the home directory), and update the CRON parameter to 1.
| |
|
| |
|
| * File: /etc/default/spamassassin
| | === Spam === |
| | | siehe [[E-Mail/Server/Setup:Spam]] |
| {|
| |
| |-
| |
| ||
| |
| || ...
| |
| | |
| HOMEDIR="/home/spamd/"
| |
| | |
| OPTIONS="--create-prefs --max-children 5 --username spamd --helper-home-dir ${HOMEDIR} -s ${HOMEDIR}spamd.log"
| |
| | |
| PIDFILE="${HOMEDIR}spamd.pid"
| |
| | |
| ...
| |
| | |
| CRON=1
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| Here is a [https://spamassassin.apache.org/full/3.1.x/doc/Mail_SpamAssassin_Conf.html detailed documentation] of SpamAssassin’s configuration file that you can refer to while working through these next steps.* Configure the Postfix email server to check each email with a score > 5.0, mark it as '''''SPAM''''', and send it directly to the junk folder. Add or adjust the following lines inside /etc/spamassassin/local.cf to setup your anti-spam rules:
| |
| | |
| * File: /etc/spamassassin/local.cf
| |
| | |
| {|
| |
| |-
| |
| ||
| |
| || ...
| |
| | |
| rewrite_header Subject ***** SPAM _SCORE_ *****
| |
| report_safe 0
| |
| required_score 5.0
| |
| use_bayes 1
| |
| use_bayes_rules 1
| |
| bayes_auto_learn 1
| |
| skip_rbl_checks 0
| |
| use_razor2 0
| |
| use_dcc 0
| |
| use_pyzor 0
| |
| | |
| ...
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| * Set up your Postfix email server to allow anti-spam configuration to check incoming emails. Edit /etc/postfix/master.cf and add a filter:
| |
| | |
| # File: /etc/postfix/master.cf
| |
| | |
| {|
| |
| |-
| |
| ||
| |
| || ...
| |
| | |
| smtp inet n - - - - smtpd
| |
| -o content_filter=spamassassin
| |
| | |
| ...
| |
| | |
| spamassassin unix - n n - - pipe
| |
| user=spamd argv=/usr/bin/spamc -f -e
| |
| /usr/sbin/sendmail -oi -f ${sender} ${recipient}
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| # Start Spamassassin and enable the service to start on boot:
| |
| # systemctl start spamassassin
| |
| # systemctl enable spamassassin
| |
| If not using systemd (as is the case with Debian 7 and earlier), edit the /etc/default/spamassassin configuration file instead. Set the ENABLED parameter to 1.
| |
| # Restart the Postfix email server to get your new anti-spam settings in place:
| |
| # systemctl restart postfix
| |
|
| |
|
| == Konfiguration == | | == Konfiguration == |
| === Dateien === | | === Dateien === |
| == Sicherheit == | | == Sicherheit == |
| == Dokumentation ==
| |
| === RFC ===
| |
| === Man-Pages ===
| |
| === Info-Pages ===
| |
| == Siehe auch == | | == Siehe auch == |
| == Links == | | == Links == |
| === Projekt-Homepage === | | === Projekt === |
| === Weblinks === | | === Weblinks === |
| # https://www.linode.com/docs/guides/email-with-postfix-dovecot-and-mysql/ | | # https://www.linode.com/docs/guides/email-with-postfix-dovecot-and-mysql/ |
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| # [https://wiki2.dovecot.org/ Dovecot Wiki] | | # [https://wiki2.dovecot.org/ Dovecot Wiki] |
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| === Einzelnachweise ===
| |
| <references />
| |
| == Testfragen ==
| |
| <div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
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| ''Testfrage 1''
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| <div class="mw-collapsible-content">'''Antwort1'''</div>
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| </div>
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| <div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
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| ''Testfrage 2''
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| <div class="mw-collapsible-content">'''Antwort2'''</div>
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| </div>
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| <div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
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| ''Testfrage 3''
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| <div class="mw-collapsible-content">'''Antwort3'''</div>
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| </div>
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| <div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
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| ''Testfrage 4''
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| <div class="mw-collapsible-content">'''Antwort4'''</div>
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| </div>
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| <div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">
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| ''Testfrage 5''
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| <div class="mw-collapsible-content">'''Antwort5'''</div>
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| </div>
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| [[Kategorie:Entwurf]] | | |
| | |
| | [[Kategorie:E-Mail/Server]] |
| | [[Kategorie:Postfix]] |
| | [[Kategorie:Dovecot]] |
