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| | '''Linux/Netzwerk/Konfiguration''' |
|
| |
|
| = Netzwerkkonfiguration = | | == Beschreibung == |
| {| class="wikitable sortable options"
| | ; 3 ways to configure the network |
| |-
| | # The interfaces configuration file at /etc/network/interfaces (this page): for basic or simple configurations (e.g. workstation) |
| | | [[Image:Bild1.png|top|alt="[Tipp]"]]
| | # [https://wiki.debian.org/NetworkManager NetworkManager]: This is the default for Laptop configuration |
| | | '''Tipp'''
| | # Systemd: [https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-reference/ch05.en.html#_the_modern_network_configuration_without_gui Debian reference Doc Chapter 5] |
| |-
| |
| || Bezüglich einer aktuellen Anleitung für Debian zum Thema Netzwerk lesen Sie [https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-handbook/sect.network-config Debian Administratorhandbuch — Konfigurieren des Netzwerks].
| |
|
| |
|
| |-
| | : Bezüglich einer aktuellen Anleitung für Debian zum Thema Netzwerk lesen Sie [https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-handbook/sect.network-config Debian Administratorhandbuch — Konfigurieren des Netzwerks] |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable sortable options"
| | ; Tipp |
| |-
| | : Unter [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemd systemd] kann [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemd#networkd networkd] für die Netzwerkverwaltung genutzt werden |
| | | [[Image:Bild2.png|top|alt="[Tipp]"]]
| | :* siehe <tt>[[systemd-networkd]](8)</tt> |
| | | '''Tipp'''
| |
| |-
| |
| || Unter [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemd systemd] kann [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemd#networkd networkd] für die Netzwerkverwaltung genutzt werden; lesen Sie dazu <tt>systemd-networkd</tt>(8).
| |
|
| |
|
| |-
| | <noinclude> |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| == 5.1. Die elementare Netzwerkinfrastruktur == | | == Anhang == |
| Lassen Sie uns einen Blick auf die elementare Netzwerkinfrastruktur eines modernen Debian-Systems werfen:
| | === Siehe auch === |
| | * [[/etc/network/interfaces]] |
| | {{Special:PrefixIndex/{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable sortable options"
| | ==== Links ==== |
| |-
| | ===== Weblinks ===== |
| ! | Pakete
| | # [https://wiki.debian.org/NetworkConfiguration https://wiki.debian.org/NetworkConfiguration] |
| ! | Popcon
| |
| ! | Größe
| |
| ! | Art
| |
| ! | Beschreibung
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/network-manager network-manager ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=network-manager V:369, I:440]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/n/network-manager.html 14500]
| |
| | | config::NM
| |
| | | [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetworkManager NetworkManager] (Daemon): das Netzwerk automatisch verwalten
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/network-manager-gnome network-manager-gnome ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=network-manager-gnome V:126, I:371]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/n/network-manager-gnome.html 5350]
| |
| | | config::NM
| |
| | | [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetworkManager NetworkManager] (GNOME-Frontend)
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/ifupdown ifupdown ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=ifupdown V:584, I:987]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/i/ifupdown.html 217]
| |
| | | config::ifupdown
| |
| | | standardisiertes Werkzeug zum Aktivieren und Deaktivieren des Netzwerks (Debian-spezifisch)
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/isc-dhcp-client isc-dhcp-client ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=isc-dhcp-client V:219, I:982]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/i/isc-dhcp-client.html 689]
| |
| | | config::low-level
| |
| | | DHCP-Client
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/pppoeconf pppoeconf ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=pppoeconf V:0, I:7]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/p/pppoeconf.html 192]
| |
| | | config::helper
| |
| | | Konfigurations-Hilfswerkzeug für PPPoE-Verbindungen
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/wpasupplicant wpasupplicant ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=wpasupplicant V:341, I:503]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/w/wpasupplicant.html 3817]
| |
| | | "
| |
| | | clientseitige Unterstützung für WPA und WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i)
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/wpagui wpagui ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=wpagui V:0, I:2]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/w/wpagui.html 800]
| |
| | | "
| |
| | | Qt-GUI-Programm für wpa_supplicant
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/wireless-tools wireless-tools ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=wireless-tools V:176, I:239]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/w/wireless-tools.html 297]
| |
| | | "
| |
| | | Werkzeuge zum Bearbeiten der Linux Wireless Extensions
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/iw iw ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=iw V:223, I:477]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/i/iw.html 294]
| |
| | | "
| |
| | | Werkzeug zum Konfigurieren von Drahtlos-Netzwerkgeräten unter Linux
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/iproute2 iproute2 ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=iproute2 V:701, I:949]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/i/iproute2.html 3294]
| |
| | | config::iproute2
| |
| | | [http://www.linuxfoundation.org/collaborate/workgroups/networking/iproute2 iproute2], IPv6 und andere erweiterte Netzwerkkonfiguration: <tt>ip</tt>(8), <tt>tc</tt>(8) usw.
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/iptables iptables ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=iptables V:306, I:942]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/i/iptables.html 2521]
| |
| | | config::Netfilter
| |
| | | Administrationswerkzeuge für Paketfilterung und NAT ([https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netfilter Netfilter])
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/iputils-ping iputils-ping ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=iputils-ping V:206, I:997]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/i/iputils-ping.html 118]
| |
| | | Test
| |
| | | Erreichbarkeit eines fernen Rechners über das Netzwerk testen, entweder mittels [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostname Rechnername] oder [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP-Adresse IP-Addresse] ([http://www.linuxfoundation.org/collaborate/workgroups/networking/iproute2 iproute2])
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/iputils-arping iputils-arping ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=iputils-arping V:5, I:78]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/i/iputils-arping.html 60]
| |
| | | Test
| |
| | | Erreichbarkeit eines fernen Rechners über das Netzwerk mittels seiner [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol ARP]-Addresse testen
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/iputils-tracepath iputils-tracepath ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=iputils-tracepath V:4, I:46]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/i/iputils-tracepath.html 52]
| |
| | | Test
| |
| | | Netzwerkpfad zu einem fernen Rechner verfolgen
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/ethtool ethtool ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=ethtool V:96, I:267]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/e/ethtool.html 631]
| |
| | | Test
| |
| | | Eigenschaften von Ethernet-Geräten anzeigen oder ändern
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/mtr-tiny mtr-tiny ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=mtr-tiny V:6, I:52]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/m/mtr-tiny.html 161]
| |
| | | test::low-level
| |
| | | Netzwerkpfad zu einem fernen Rechner verfolgen (Curses-basiert)
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/mtr mtr ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=mtr V:4, I:44]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/m/mtr.html 214]
| |
| | | "
| |
| | | Netzwerkpfad zu einem fernen Rechner verfolgen (Curses- und GTK-basiert)
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/gnome-nettool gnome-nettool ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=gnome-nettool V:1, I:31]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/g/gnome-nettool.html 2110]
| |
| | | "
| |
| | | Werkzeuge für allgemeine Netzwerkinformations-Operationen (GNOME)
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/nmap nmap ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=nmap V:28, I:231]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/n/nmap.html 4452]
| |
| | | "
| |
| | | Netzwerk-Mapper/Port-Scanner ([https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nmap Nmap], konsolen-basiert)
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/zenmap zenmap ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=zenmap V:0, I:4]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/z/zenmap.html 2939]
| |
| | | "
| |
| | | Netzwerk-Mapper/Port-Scanner (GTK-basiert)
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/tcpdump tcpdump ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=tcpdump V:18, I:196]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/t/tcpdump.html 1330]
| |
| | | "
| |
| | | Netzwerkverkehr-Analysator ([https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcpdump Tcpdump], konsolen-basiert)
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/wireshark wireshark ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=wireshark I:52]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/w/wireshark.html 72]
| |
| | | "
| |
| | | Netzwerkverkehr-Analysator ([https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireshark Wireshark], GTK-basiert)
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/tshark tshark ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=tshark V:2, I:30]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/t/tshark.html 427]
| |
| | | "
| |
| | | Netzwerkverkehr-Analysator (konsolen-basiert)
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/tcptrace tcptrace ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=tcptrace V:0, I:2]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/t/tcptrace.html 401]
| |
| | | "
| |
| | | eine Zusammenfassung von Verbindungen auf Basis der <tt>tcpdump</tt>-Ausgabe erstellen
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/snort snort ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=snort V:0, I:1]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/s/snort.html 2206]
| |
| | | "
| |
| | | flexibles Einbruchmeldesystem für das Netzwerk ([https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snort Snort])
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/ntopng ntopng ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=ntopng V:1, I:1]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/n/ntopng.html 969]
| |
| | | "
| |
| | | Daten über die Netzwerknutzung im Webbrowser anzeigen
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/dnsutils dnsutils ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=dnsutils V:39, I:423]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/d/dnsutils.html 275]
| |
| | | "
| |
| | | Netzwerk-Clients, die mit [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIND BIND] bereitgestellt werden: <tt>nslookup</tt>(8), <tt>nsupdate</tt>(8), <tt>dig</tt>(8)
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/dlint dlint ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=dlint V:0, I:5]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/d/dlint.html 53]
| |
| | | "
| |
| | | [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System DNS]-Zoneninformationen mittels Nameserver-Abfragen überprüfen
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/dnstracer dnstracer ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=dnstracer V:0, I:1]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/d/dnstracer.html 60]
| |
| | | "
| |
| | | eine Verkettung von [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System DNS]-Servern zu ihrer Quelle verfolgen
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
|
| | [[Kategorie:Linux/Netzwerk/Konfiguration]] |
|
| |
|
| === 5.1.1. Die Auflösung des Rechnernamens ===
| | </noinclude> |
| Die Auflösung des Rechnernamens (hostname) wird derzeit auch durch den [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_Service_Switch NSS-(Name-Service-Switch-)]Mechanismus unterstützt. Die Auflösung läuft wie folgt ab:# Die "<tt>/etc/nsswitch.conf</tt>"-Datei mit Einträgen wie "<tt>hosts: files dns</tt>" bestimmt die Reihenfolge der Rechnernamenauflösung. (Dies ersetzt die alte Funktionalität der "<tt>order</tt>"-Einträge in "<tt>/etc/host.conf</tt>".)
| |
| # Als erstes wird in diesem Beispiel die <tt>files</tt>-Methode aufgerufen. Wenn der Rechnername in der "<tt>/etc/hosts</tt>"-Datei gefunden wird, werden alle gültigen Adressen für den Rechner ausgegeben und die Abfrage wird beendet. (Die "<tt>/etc/host.conf</tt>"-Datei enthält "<tt>multi on</tt>".)
| |
| # Dann wird die <tt>dns</tt>-Methode wird aufgerufen. Wenn der Rechnername über das [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System Internet Domain Name System (DNS)] (definiert über die Datei "<tt>/etc/resolv.conf</tt>") gefunden wird, werden alle dafür gültigen Adressen ausgegeben und die Abfrage wird beendet.
| |
| | |
| Die "<tt>/etc/hosts</tt>"-Datei sieht zum Beispiel so aus:
| |
| | |
| 127.0.0.1 localhost
| |
| 127.0.1.1 ''host_name''
| |
| | |
| <nowiki># The following lines are desirable for IPv6 capable hosts</nowiki>
| |
| ::1 localhost ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
| |
| ff02::1 ip6-allnodes
| |
| ff02::2 ip6-allrouters
| |
| | |
| Jede Zeile beginnt mit einer [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP-Adresse IP-Addresse] und dahinter steht jeweils der zugeordnete [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostname Rechnername].
| |
| | |
| Die IP-Adresse <tt>127.0.1.1</tt> in der zweiten Zeile dieses Beispiels ist auf einigen anderen Unix-ähnlichen Systemen möglicherweise nicht vorhanden. Der [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian-Installer Debian Installer] erstellt diesen Eintrag für Systeme ohne feste IP-Adresse als provisorische Lösung für einige Software-Produkte (z.B. GNOME), wie in [http://bugs.debian.org/719621 Fehler #719621] dokumentiert.
| |
| | |
| Der Eintrag ''rechnername'' entspricht dem in"<tt>/etc/hostname</tt>" festgelegten Rechnernamen.
| |
| | |
| Auf Systemen mit einer festen IP-Adresse sollte allerdings diese feste IP-Adresse statt der <tt>127.0.1.1</tt> verwendet werden.
| |
| | |
| Bei Systemen mit einer festen IP-Adresse und einem [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain#Fully_Qualified_Domain_Name_.28FQDN.29 voll qualifizierten Domain-Namen (FQDN)], bereitgestellt durch das [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System Domain Name System (DNS)], sollte ''rechnername''.''domain-name'' verwendet werden statt nur ''rechnername''.
| |
| | |
| Die Datei "<tt>/etc/resolv.conf</tt>" ist eine statische Datei, falls das Paket <tt>resolvconf</tt> nicht installiert ist. Falls das Paket installiert ist, ist dies ein symbolischer Link. In beiden Fällen enthält es Informationen zur Initialisierung der Namensauflösungs-Routinen. Wenn das DNS zum Beispiel über die IP "<tt>192.168.11.1</tt>" erreichbar ist, enthält sie Folgendes:
| |
| | |
| nameserver 192.168.11.1
| |
| | |
| Das <tt>resolvconf</tt>-Paket macht "<tt>/etc/resolv.conf</tt>" zu einem symbolischen Link und verwaltet ihren Inhalt automatisch über die Hook-Skripte.
| |
| | |
| Bei PC-Arbeitsplatzrechnern in einer typischen LAN-Umgebung kann der Rechnername zusätzlich zu den grundlegenden <tt>files</tt>- und <tt>dns</tt>-Methoden auch über Multicast DNS (mDNS, [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeroconf Zeroconf]) aufgelöst werden:* [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avahi_(Software) Avahi] stellt ein Rahmenwerk für Multicast-DNS-Diensteabfragen auf Debian-Systemen bereit.
| |
| * Es ist ein Äquivalent zu [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonjour_(Apple) Apple Bonjour / Apple Rendezvous].
| |
| * Das <tt>libnss-mdns</tt>-Plugin-Paket bietet Rechnernamensauflösung via mDNS für die GNU Name-Service-Switch-(NSS-)Funktionalität der GNU C-Bibliothek (glibc).
| |
| * Die Datei "<tt>/etc/nsswitch.conf</tt>" sollte Einträge wie "<tt>hosts: files mdns4_minimal [NOTFOUND=return] dns mdns4</tt>" enthalten.
| |
| * Rechnernamen, die mit der [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-top-level_domain Pseudo-Top-Level Domain (TLD)] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.local ".local"] enden, werden aufgelöst.
| |
| * Die mDNS IPv4 link-lokale Multicast-Adresse "<tt>224.0.0.251</tt>" oder ihr IPv6-Äquivalent "<tt>FF02::FB</tt>" wird verwendet, um DNS-Abfragen für einen auf "<tt>.local</tt>" endenden Namen durchzuführen.
| |
| | |
| Rechnernamensauflösung über das veraltete [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBIOS_over_TCP/IP NETBios over TCP/IP], das von älteren Windows-Systemen verwendet wurde, kann über die Installation des Pakets <tt>winbind</tt> realisiert werden. Die "<tt>/etc/nsswitch.conf</tt>"-Datei sollte Einträge wie "<tt>hosts: files mdns4_minimal [NOTFOUND=return] dns mdns4 wins</tt>" enthalten, um diese Funktionalität zu aktivieren. (Moderne Windows-Systeme verwenden normalerweise die <tt>dns</tt>-Methode zur Rechnernamensauflösung.)
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable sortable options"
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [[Image:Bild3.png|top|alt="[Anmerkung]"]]
| |
| | | '''Anmerkung'''
| |
| |-
| |
| || Die [http://newgtlds.icann.org/en/program-status/delegated-strings Ausweitung generischer Top-Level-Domains (gTLD)] im [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System Domain-Name-System] ist in Arbeit. Achten Sie bei Auswahl von Domain-Namen, die nur im lokalen Netzwerk verwendet werden sollen, auf [http://icannwiki.com/Name_Collision Namenskollisionen].
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === 5.1.2. Der Netzwerkschnittstellenname ===
| |
| [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemd Systemd] verwendet "[https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/PredictableNetworkInterfaceNames/ verlässlich vorhersagbare Namen (Predictable Network Interface Names)]" wie "<tt>enp0s25</tt>".
| |
| | |
| | |
| === 5.1.3. Der Netzwerkadressbereich für das LAN ===
| |
| Wir wollen uns an die IPv4 32-Bit-Adressbereiche erinnern, die durch die [http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1918 rfc1918] für jede Klasse zur Verwendung in [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Area_Network Local Area Networks (LANs)] reserviert sind. Diese Adressen werden bestimmt nicht mit irgendwelchen Adressen im Internet kollidieren.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable sortable options"
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [[Image:Bild4.png|top|alt="[Anmerkung]"]]
| |
| | | '''Anmerkung'''
| |
| |-
| |
| || IP-Adressen mit Doppelpunkten sind [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6#Adressnotation IPv6-Adressen], z.B. "<tt>::1</tt>" für <tt>localhost</tt>.
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| '''Tabelle 5.2. Liste der Netzwerkadressbereiche'''
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable sortable options"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! | Klasse
| |
| ! | Netzwerkadressen
| |
| ! | Netzmaske
| |
| ! | Netzmaske /Bits
| |
| ! | von Subnetzwerken
| |
| |-
| |
| | | A
| |
| | | 10.x.x.x
| |
| | | 255.0.0.0
| |
| | | /8
| |
| | | 1
| |
| |-
| |
| | | B
| |
| | | 172.16.x.x — 172.31.x.x
| |
| | | 255.255.0.0
| |
| | | /16
| |
| | | 16
| |
| |-
| |
| | | C
| |
| | | 192.168.0.x — 192.168.255.x
| |
| | | 255.255.255.0
| |
| | | /24
| |
| | | 256
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable sortable options"
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [[Image:Bild5.png|top|alt="[Anmerkung]"]]
| |
| | | '''Anmerkung'''
| |
| |-
| |
| || Wenn eine dieser Adressen einem Rechner zugewiesen ist, kann dieser Rechner das Internet nicht direkt erreichen, sondern muss ein Gateway verwenden, der als Proxy für verschiedene Dienste dient, oder er nutzt [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Address_Translation Network Address Translation (NAT)]. Ein Breitband-Router nutzt üblicherweise NAT für das Anwender-Netzwerk.
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === 5.1.4. Unterstützung für Netzwerkgeräte ===
| |
| Der größte Teil verfügbarer Netzwerk-Hardware wird durch das Debian-System unterstützt; es gibt einige Geräte, die laut [https://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines DFSG] nicht-freie Firmware für den Betrieb erfordern. Lesen Sie dazu [https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-reference/ch09.de.html#_hardware_drivers_and_firmware Abschnitt 9.10.5, „Hardware-Treiber und Firmware“].
| |
| | |
| | |
| == 5.2. Moderne Netzwerkkonfiguration für Arbeitsplatzsysteme ==
| |
| Auf modernen Debian-Desktop-Systemen mit <tt>systemd</tt> erfolgt die Initialisierung von Netzwerkschnittstellen für die Loopback-Schnittstelle <tt>lo</tt> typischerweise durch "<tt>networking.service</tt>" und für andere Schnittstellen durch "<tt>NetworkManager.service</tt>".
| |
| | |
| Debian-Systeme können Netzwerkverbindungen über Software-[https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemon Daemons] wie [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetworkManager NetworkManager (NM)] (network-manager und zugehörige Pakete) verwalten.* Sie haben ihre eigenen grafischen [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafische_Benutzeroberfläche GUI]- und Befehlszeilen-Programme als Bedienoberfläche.
| |
| * Sie haben ihre eigenen [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemon Daemons] als Unterbau.
| |
| * Sie erlauben eine einfache Verbindung Ihres Systems mit dem Internet.
| |
| * Sie ermöglichen eine problemlose Verwaltung von kabelgebundenen und kabellosen Netzwerkkonfigurationen.
| |
| * Sie erlauben uns, das Netzwerk unabhängig vom althergebrachten <tt>ifupdown</tt> zu konfigurieren.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable sortable options"
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [[Image:Bild6.png|top|alt="[Anmerkung]"]]
| |
| | | '''Anmerkung'''
| |
| |-
| |
| || Verwenden Sie diese automatischen Netzwerkkonfigurations-Werkzeuge nicht für Server. Sie sind primär für die Nutzung auf Arbeitsplatzrechnern oder Laptops gedacht.
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| Diese modernen Werkzeuge müssen korrekt konfiguriert werden, um Konflikte mit dem <tt>ifupdown</tt>-Paket und seiner Konfigurationsdatei "<tt>/etc/network/interfaces</tt>" zu vermeiden.
| |
| | |
| | |
| === 5.2.1. Grafische Netzwerkkonfigurations-Werkzeuge ===
| |
| Offizielle Dokumentation für NM unter Debian ist in "<tt>/usr/share/doc/network-manager/README.Debian</tt>" verfügbar.
| |
| | |
| Grundsätzlich läuft die Netzwerkkonfiguration für Arbeitsplatzsysteme wie folgt ab:# Fügen Sie den Benutzer, der sich am Arbeitsplatz anmeldet, z.B. <tt>foo</tt>, mit folgendem Befehl zur Gruppe "<tt>netdev</tt>" hinzu (alternativ kann dies in modernen Arbeitsplatzumgebungen wie GNOME oder KDE auch automatisch über [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Bus D-bus] erledigt werden): <br/>$ sudo adduser foo netdev
| |
| # Halten Sie die Konfiguration in "<tt>/etc/network/interfaces</tt>" so einfach wie hier: <br/>auto lo<br/>iface lo inet loopback
| |
| # Starten Sie NM mit folgendem Befehl neu: <br/>$ sudo systemctl restart network-manager
| |
| # Konfigurieren Sie Ihr Netzwerk über die grafische GUI-Oberfläche.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable sortable options"
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [[Image:Bild7.png|top|alt="[Anmerkung]"]]
| |
| | | '''Anmerkung'''
| |
| |-
| |
| || Um Konflikte mit <tt>ifupdown</tt> zu vermeiden, werden nur Schnittstellen, die '''nicht''' in "<tt>/etc/network/interfaces</tt>" aufgelistet sind, von NM verwaltet.
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable sortable options"
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [[Image:Bild8.png|top|alt="[Tipp]"]]
| |
| | | '''Tipp'''
| |
| |-
| |
| || Wenn Sie die Fähigkeiten von NM erweitern möchten, suchen Sie nach entsprechenden Plugin-Modulen und zusätzlichen Paketen wie <tt>network-manager-openconnect</tt>, <tt>network-manager-openvpn-gnome</tt>, <tt>network-manager-pptp-gnome</tt>, <tt>mobile-broadband-provider-info</tt>, <tt>gnome-bluetooth</tt> usw.
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| == 5.3. Moderne Netzwerkkonfiguration ohne grafische Oberfläche ==
| |
| Unter [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemd systemd] kann das Netzwerk stattdessen in <tt>/etc/systemd/network/</tt> konfiguriert werden. Lesen Sie dazu <tt>systemd-resolved</tt>(8), <tt>resolved.conf</tt>(5) und <tt>systemd-networkd</tt>(8).
| |
| | |
| Dies ermöglicht eine moderne Netzwerkkonfiguration auch ohne grafische Oberfläche.
| |
| | |
| Eine DHCP-Client-Konfiguration kann durch Erzeugen von "<tt>/etc/systemd/network/dhcp.network</tt>" eingerichtet werden, z.B. mit:
| |
| | |
| [Match]
| |
| Name=en*
| |
| | |
| [Network]
| |
| DHCP=yes
| |
| | |
| Eine statische Netzwerkkonfiguration richten Sie über "<tt>/etc/systemd/network/static.network</tt>" ein, wie hier:
| |
| | |
| [Match]
| |
| Name=en*
| |
| | |
| [Network]
| |
| Address=192.168.0.15/24
| |
| Gateway=192.168.0.1
| |
| | |
| | |
| == 5.4. Netzwerkkonfiguration auf unterster Ebene ==
| |
| Für Netzwerkkonfiguration über die Konsole können Sie unter Linux die [http://www.linuxfoundation.org/collaborate/workgroups/networking/iproute2 iproute2]-Programme (<tt>ip</tt>(8), …) verwenden.
| |
| | |
| | |
| === 5.4.1. iproute2-Befehle ===
| |
| Die [http://www.linuxfoundation.org/collaborate/workgroups/networking/iproute2 iproute2]-Befehle bieten vollwertige Funktionalität auf der untersten Ebene der Netzwerkkonfiguration. Hier eine Tabelle zur Gegenüberstellung von veralteten [http://www.linuxfoundation.org/collaborate/workgroups/networking/net-tools net-tools]-Befehlen und neuen [http://www.linuxfoundation.org/collaborate/workgroups/networking/iproute2 iproute2]- und anderen Befehlen.
| |
| | |
| '''Tabelle 5.3. Gegenüberstellung von <tt>net-tools</tt>- und <tt>iproute2</tt>-Befehlen'''
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable sortable options"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! | net-tools (veraltet)
| |
| ! | iproute2 usw. (neu)
| |
| ! | Beeinflussung
| |
| |-
| |
| | | <tt>ifconfig</tt>(8)
| |
| | | <tt>ip addr</tt>
| |
| | | Protokoll-Adresse (IP oder IPv6) eines Gerätes
| |
| |-
| |
| | | <tt>route</tt>(8)
| |
| | | <tt>ip route</tt>
| |
| | | Eintrag in der Routing-Tabelle
| |
| |-
| |
| | | <tt>arp</tt>(8)
| |
| | | <tt>ip neigh</tt>
| |
| | | ARP- oder NDISC-Cache-Eintrag
| |
| |-
| |
| | | <tt>ipmaddr</tt>
| |
| | | <tt>ip maddr</tt>
| |
| | | Multicast-Adresse
| |
| |-
| |
| | | <tt>iptunnel</tt>
| |
| | | <tt>ip tunnel</tt>
| |
| | | Tunnel über IP
| |
| |-
| |
| | | <tt>nameif</tt>(8)
| |
| | | <tt>ifrename</tt>(8)
| |
| | | Netzwerkschnittstellen basierend auf MAC-Adressen benennen
| |
| |-
| |
| | | <tt>mii-tool</tt>(8)
| |
| | | <tt>ethtool</tt>(8)
| |
| | | Einstellungen von Ethernet-Geräten
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Lesen Sie <tt>ip</tt>(8) und das [http://www.policyrouting.org/iproute2.doc.html IPROUTE2 Utility Suite Howto].
| |
| | |
| | |
| === 5.4.2. Sichere Basis-Netzwerkoperationen ===
| |
| Sie können die folgenden Netzwerkbefehle der untersten Ebene problemlos verwenden, da sie die Netzwerkkonfiguration nicht verändern:
| |
| | |
| '''Tabelle 5.4. Liste von Basis-Netzwerkbefehlen'''
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable sortable options"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! | Befehl
| |
| ! | Beschreibung
| |
| |-
| |
| | | <tt>ip addr show</tt>
| |
| | | Verbindungs- und Adressstatus von aktiven Schnittstellen anzeigen
| |
| |-
| |
| | | <tt>route -n</tt>
| |
| | | Vollständige Routing-Tabelle mit numerischen Adressen anzeigen
| |
| |-
| |
| | | <tt>ip route show</tt>
| |
| | | Vollständige Routing-Tabelle mit numerischen Adressen anzeigen
| |
| |-
| |
| | | <tt>arp</tt>
| |
| | | Aktuellen Inhalt der [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol ARP]-Cache-Tabellen anzeigen
| |
| |-
| |
| | | <tt>ip neigh</tt>
| |
| | | Aktuellen Inhalt der [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol ARP]-Cache-Tabellen anzeigen
| |
| |-
| |
| | | <tt>plog</tt>
| |
| | | Logdaten des PPP-Daemons anzeigen
| |
| |-
| |
| | | <tt>ping yahoo.com</tt>
| |
| | | Internet-Verbindung zu "<tt>yahoo.com</tt>" überprüfen
| |
| |-
| |
| | | <tt>whois yahoo.com</tt>
| |
| | | Überprüfen, wer "<tt>yahoo.com</tt>" in der Domain-Datenbank registriert hat
| |
| |-
| |
| | | <tt>traceroute yahoo.com</tt>
| |
| | | Verbindung zu "<tt>yahoo.com</tt>" durch das Internet verfolgen
| |
| |-
| |
| | | <tt>tracepath yahoo.com</tt>
| |
| | | Verbindung zu "<tt>yahoo.com</tt>" durch das Internet verfolgen
| |
| |-
| |
| | | <tt>mtr yahoo.com</tt>
| |
| | | Verbindung zu "<tt>yahoo.com</tt>" durch das Internet verfolgen (wiederholt)
| |
| |-
| |
| | | <tt>dig [@dns-server.com] example.com [{a|mx|any}]</tt>
| |
| | | [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System DNS]-Einträge von "<tt>example.com</tt>" laut den Daten von "<tt>dns-server.com</tt>" auf einen "<tt>a</tt>"-, "<tt>mx</tt>"- oder "<tt>any</tt>"-Eintrag überprüfen
| |
| |-
| |
| | | <tt>iptables -L -n</tt>
| |
| | | Paketfilter überprüfen
| |
| |-
| |
| | | <tt>netstat -a</tt>
| |
| | | Alle offenen Ports finden
| |
| |-
| |
| | | <tt>netstat -l --inet</tt>
| |
| | | Ports finden, die auf eine Verbindung warten
| |
| |-
| |
| | | <tt>netstat -ln --tcp</tt>
| |
| | | TCP-Ports finden, die auf eine Verbindung warten (numerisch)
| |
| |-
| |
| | | <tt>dlint example.com</tt>
| |
| | | DNS-Zonen-Informationen von "<tt>example.com</tt>" überprüfen
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable sortable options"
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [[Image:Bild9.png|top|alt="[Tipp]"]]
| |
| | | '''Tipp'''
| |
| |-
| |
| || Einige dieser Basisbefehle zur Netzwerkkonfiguration sind in "<tt>/sbin/</tt>" abgelegt. Sie müssen unter Umständen den vollständigen Pfad, wie z.B. "<tt>/sbin/ifconfig</tt>" angeben oder "<tt>/sbin</tt>" zur Variable "<tt>$PATH</tt>" in Ihrer "<tt>~/.bashrc</tt>"-Datei hinzufügen.
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| == 5.5. Netzwerkoptimierung ==
| |
| Die grundsätzliche Netzwerkoptimierung liegt außerhalb des Rahmens dieser Dokumentation. Ich erwähne hier nur Dinge, die für Anwender-typische Verbindungen passend sind.
| |
| | |
| '''Tabelle 5.5. Liste von Werkzeugen zur Netzwerkoptimierung'''
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable sortable options"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! | Pakete
| |
| ! | Popcon
| |
| ! | Größe
| |
| ! | Beschreibung
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/iftop iftop ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=iftop V:7, I:112]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/i/iftop.html 97]
| |
| | | Informationen zur Bandbreitennutzung einer Netzwerkschnittstelle anzeigen
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/iperf iperf ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=iperf V:3, I:52]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/i/iperf.html 322]
| |
| | | Werkzeug zur IP-Bandbreiten-Messung
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/ifstat ifstat ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=ifstat V:0, I:8]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/i/ifstat.html 59]
| |
| | | InterFace STATistics Monitoring (Netzwerkschnittstellen-Statistik/-Überwachung)
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/bmon bmon ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=bmon V:1, I:17]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/b/bmon.html 146]
| |
| | | Portierbarer Bandbreitenmonitor und Geschwindigkeitsrechner
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/ethstatus ethstatus ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=ethstatus V:0, I:4]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/e/ethstatus.html 40]
| |
| | | Skript, das schnell den Durchsatz eines Netzwerkgerätes messen kann
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/bing bing ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=bing V:0, I:1]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/b/bing.html 80]
| |
| | | Empirisch stochastischer Bandbreitentester
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/bwm-ng bwm-ng ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=bwm-ng V:1, I:17]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/b/bwm-ng.html 90]
| |
| | | Kleiner und einfacher konsolenbasierter Bandbreitenmonitor
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/ethstats ethstats ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=ethstats V:0, I:0]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/e/ethstats.html 23]
| |
| | | Konsolenbasierter Ethernet-Statistikmonitor
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/ipfm ipfm ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=ipfm V:0, I:0]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/i/ipfm.html 78]
| |
| | | Bandbreitenanalyse-Werkzeug
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| | |
| === 5.5.1. Die optimale MTU finden ===
| |
| NM setzt den optimalen Wert für die [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_Transmission_Unit Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU)] normalerweise automatisch.
| |
| | |
| In speziellen Fällen möchten Sie die MTU jedoch vielleicht händisch setzen, nachdem Sie mit <tt>ping</tt>(8) und seiner Option "<tt>-M do</tt>" experimentiert haben; Sie haben damit die Möglichkeit, ein ICMP-Paket mit verschiedenen Paketgrößen zu verschicken. MTU ist die größte Paketgröße, bei der das Paket noch erfolgreich ohne Fragmentierung verschickt werden kann plus 28 Byte für die IPv4- bzw. 48 Byte für die IPv6-Adresse. In folgendem Beispiel wurde für eine IPv4-Verbindung eine MTU von 1460 ermittelt und für IPv6 eine MTU von 1500:
| |
| | |
| $ ping -4 -c 1 -s $((1500-28)) -M do www.debian.org
| |
| PING (149.20.4.15) 1472(1500) bytes of data.
| |
| ping: local error: message too long, mtu=1460
| |
| | |
| --- ping statistics ---
| |
| 1 packets transmitted, 0 received, +1 errors, 100% packet loss, time 0ms
| |
| | |
| $ ping -4 -c 1 -s $((1460-28)) -M do www.debian.org
| |
| PING (130.89.148.77) 1432(1460) bytes of data.
| |
| 1440 bytes from klecker-misc.debian.org (130.89.148.77): icmp_seq=1 ttl=50 time=325 ms
| |
| | |
| --- ping statistics ---
| |
| 1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
| |
| rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 325.318/325.318/325.318/0.000 ms
| |
| $ ping -6 -c 1 -s $((1500-48)) -M do www.debian.org
| |
| PING www.debian.org(mirror-csail.debian.org (2603:400a:ffff:bb8::801f:3e)) 1452 data bytes
| |
| 1460 bytes from mirror-csail.debian.org (2603:400a:ffff:bb8::801f:3e): icmp_seq=1 ttl=47 time=191 ms
| |
| | |
| --- www.debian.org ping statistics ---
| |
| 1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
| |
| rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 191.332/191.332/191.332/0.000 ms
| |
| | |
| Dies ist das [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_MTU_Discovery Path MTU (PMTU) Discovery]-Verfahren ([http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1191 RFC1191]) und der Befehl <tt>tracepath</tt>(8) kann dies automatisieren.
| |
| | |
| '''Tabelle 5.6. Wesentliche Grundregeln für den optimalen MTU-Wert'''
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable sortable options"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! | Netzwerkumgebung
| |
| ! | MTU
| |
| ! | Argumentation
| |
| |-
| |
| | | Einwahlverbindung (IP: PPP)
| |
| | | 576
| |
| | | Standard
| |
| |-
| |
| | | Ethernet-Verbindung (IP: DHCP oder fest)
| |
| | | 1500
| |
| | | Standard und vorgegeben
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Zusätzlich zu diesen Grundregeln sollten Sie folgendes wissen:* Jegliche Nutzung von Tunneling-Methoden ([https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Private_Network VPN] usw.) kann aufgrund des Overheads den optimalen MTU-Wert reduzieren.
| |
| * Der MTU-Wert sollte den über die experimentelle Methode ermittelten PMTU-Wert nicht überschreiten.
| |
| * Ein größerer MTU-Wert ist grundsätzlich besser, wenn andere Einschränkungen greifen.
| |
| | |
| Die [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_Segment_Size Maximum Segment Size] (MSS) wird als alternative Messmethode für die Paketgröße verwendet. Der Zusammenhang zwischen MSS und MTU ist wie folgt:* MSS = "MTU - 40" bei IPv4
| |
| * MSS = "MTU - 60" bei IPv6
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable sortable options"
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [[Image:Bild10.png|top|alt="[Anmerkung]"]]
| |
| | | '''Anmerkung'''
| |
| |-
| |
| || Bei Netzwerkoptimierung mittels <tt>iptables</tt>(8) (lesen Sie dazu auch [https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-reference/ch05.de.html#_netfilter_infrastructure Abschnitt 5.6, „Die Netfilter-Infrastruktur“]) kann die Paketgröße über die MSS begrenzt werden; dies ist für einen Router nützlich. Lesen Sie den Abschnitt bezüglich "TCPMSS" in <tt>iptables</tt>(8).
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === 5.5.2. WAN-TCP-Optimierung ===
| |
| Der TCP-Durchsatz kann über die Anpassung von Parametern zur TCP-Puffergröße maximiert werden, wie es die Anleitungen "[http://dsd.lbl.gov/TCP-tuning/ TCP Tuning Guide]" und "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP_tuning TCP Tuning]" für modernes WAN mit hoher Bandbreite und hoher Latenz beschreiben. Das soll hierzu genügen; die aktuellen Debian-Standardeinstellungen funktionieren für mein LAN mit seiner Verbindung zum sehr schnellen 1G bps FFTP-Dienst sehr gut.
| |
| | |
| | |
| == 5.6. Die Netfilter-Infrastruktur ==
| |
| [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netfilter Netfilter] stellt eine Infrastruktur für [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stateful_Packet_Inspection Stateful Packet Inspection (SPI, zustandsorientierte Paketüberprüfung)] und [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Address_Translation Network Address Translation (NAT)] über Module des [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(Kernel) Linux-Kernels] (lesen Sie hierzu [https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-reference/ch03.de.html#_the_kernel_module_initialization Abschnitt 3.8.1, „Die Kernel-Modul-Initialisierung“]) zur Verfügung.
| |
| | |
| '''Tabelle 5.7. Liste von Firewall-Werkzeugen'''
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable sortable options"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! | Pakete
| |
| ! | Popcon
| |
| ! | Größe
| |
| ! | Beschreibung
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/iptables iptables ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=iptables V:306, I:942]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/i/iptables.html 2521]
| |
| | | Administrationswerkzeuge für [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netfilter netfilter] (<tt>iptables</tt>(8) für IPv4, <tt>ip6tables</tt>(8) für IPv6)
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/arptables arptables ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=arptables V:0, I:2]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/a/arptables.html 96]
| |
| | | Administrationswerkzeuge für [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netfilter netfilter] (<tt>arptables</tt>(8) für ARP)
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/ebtables ebtables ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=ebtables V:14, I:33]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/e/ebtables.html 265]
| |
| | | Administrationswerkzeuge für [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netfilter netfilter] (<tt>ebtables</tt>(8) für Ethernet-Bridging-Betrieb)
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/iptstate iptstate ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=iptstate V:0, I:3]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/i/iptstate.html 116]
| |
| | | Fortlaufende Überwachung des [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netfilter netfilter]-Status (ähnlich zu <tt>top</tt>(1))
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/shorewall-init shorewall-init ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=shorewall-init V:0, I:0]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/s/shorewall-init.html 68]
| |
| | | Initialisierung der [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorewall Shoreline Firewall]
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/shorewall shorewall ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=shorewall V:5, I:11]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/s/shorewall.html 2458]
| |
| | | Erzeugung von [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netfilter netfilter]-Konfigurationsdateien für [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorewall Shoreline Firewall]
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/shorewall-lite shorewall-lite ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=shorewall-lite V:0, I:0]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/s/shorewall-lite.html 65]
| |
| | | Erzeugung von [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netfilter netfilter]-Konfigurationsdateien für [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorewall Shoreline Firewall] (abgespeckte Version)
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/shorewall6 shorewall6 ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=shorewall6 V:1, I:2]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/s/shorewall6.html 779]
| |
| | | Erzeugung von [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netfilter netfilter]-Konfigurationsdateien für [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorewall Shoreline Firewall] (IPv6-Version)
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [http://packages.debian.org/sid/shorewall6-lite shorewall6-lite ]
| |
| | | [http://qa.debian.org/popcon-graph.php?packages=shorewall6-lite V:0, I:0]
| |
| | | [http://packages.qa.debian.org/s/shorewall6-lite.html 64]
| |
| | | Erzeugung von [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netfilter netfilter]-Konfigurationsdateien für [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorewall Shoreline Firewall] (abgespeckte IPv6-Version)
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Das vorherrschende Nutzerprogramm für [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netfilter netfilter] ist <tt>iptables</tt>(8). Sie können [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netfilter netfilter] von Hand interaktiv über die Shell konfigurieren, seinen Status mit <tt>iptables-save</tt>(8) sichern und beim Systemstart über ein Init-Skript mittels <tt>iptables-restore</tt>(8) wiederherstellen.
| |
| | |
| Konfigurations-Hilfsskripte wie [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorewall shorewall] vereinfachen diesen Prozess.
| |
| | |
| Sie finden Dokumentation unter [http://www.netfilter.org/documentation/ http://www.netfilter.org/documentation/] oder in "<tt>/usr/share/doc/iptables/html/</tt>":* [http://www.netfilter.org/documentation/HOWTO/networking-concepts-HOWTO.html Linux Networking-Concepts HOWTO]
| |
| * [http://www.netfilter.org/documentation/HOWTO/packet-filtering-HOWTO.html Linux 2.4 Packet Filtering HOWTO]
| |
| * [http://www.netfilter.org/documentation/HOWTO/NAT-HOWTO.html Linux 2.4 NAT HOWTO]
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable sortable options"
| |
| |-
| |
| | | [[Image:Bild11.png|top|alt="[Tipp]"]]
| |
| | | '''Tipp'''
| |
| |-
| |
| || Obwohl für Linux '''2.4''' geschrieben, sind sowohl der <tt>iptables</tt>(8)-Befehl wie auch die Netfilter-Kernel-Funktionalität für die Linux-Kernel-Serien '''2.6''' und '''3.x''' passend.
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Quelle: [https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-reference/ch05.de.html https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-reference/ch05.de.html]
| |
| | |
| | |
| = All About Debian /etc/network/interfaces File =
| |
| by [https://linuxhint.com/author/david-adams/ David Adams]The file''' /etc/network/interfaces '''available in Debian and its derived distributions allows to define static and dynamic IP addresses for the interfaces, setup routing information and default gateways, masquerading network bonding and more.
| |
| | |
| The default '''''interfaces''''' file looks like the following:
| |
| | |
| [[Image:Bild12.png|top]]Where '''auto '''starts the interface at boot and '''iface''' calls the network interface (in this case lo, loopback). All lines beginning with “'''auto'''” specify the interfaces which will be enabled when running “'''''ifup -a'''''”, a command executed at boot.
| |
| | |
| Lines beginning with “iface” have the following syntax:
| |
| | |
| iface <interface> <address_family> <method>
| |
| | |
| For example:
| |
| | |
| iface enp2s0 inet dhcp
| |
| | |
| The following example shows how to setup a network card using DHCP:
| |
| | |
| | |
| === Setting up an interface with DHCP by editing the /etc/network/interfaces: ===
| |
| To add a new interface using DHCP, add the following lines:
| |
| | |
| auto <Interface>allow-hotplug <Interface>iface <Interface> inet dhcp
| |
| | |
| [[Image:Bild13.png|top]]Where '''allow-hotplug''' will start the interface upon event detection.
| |
| | |
| '''Note:''' for IPv6 add “'''inet6'''”: '''''iface <interface> inet6 dhcp'''''
| |
| | |
| Where '''<interface>''' you should set your device name, '''eth0''', '''enp2s0''', '''wlp3s0''', etc.
| |
| | |
| | |
| === Setting up an interface with static address by editing the /etc/network/interfaces: ===
| |
| If instead of configuring the interface with DHCP you want to set a static IP address and gateway replace the previous instructions with the following (replace '''192.168.0.8/24''' and '''192.168.0.1 '''with your correct IP addresses):auto <Interface>iface <Interface> inet staticaddress 192.168.0.1netmask 255.255.255.0gateway 192.168.0.1dns-nameservers 8.8.8.8
| |
| | |
| [[Image:Bild14.png|top]]Defining gateway and broadcast is optional.The following example shows a different configuration which runs after the network interface is enabled (up) or disabled (down). The “'''''up'''''” lines are executed when the device is enabled while the “'''''down”''''' lines when it is disabled:
| |
| | |
| auto eth0iface eth0 inet staticaddress 192.168.0.5network 192.168.0.0netmask 255.255.255.128broadcast 192.168.0.0up route add -net 192.168.0.128 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw 192.168.0.1up route add default gw 192.168.0.200down route del default gw 192.168.0.200down route del -net 192.168.0.128 netmask 255.255.255.128 gw 192.168.0.1
| |
| | |
| [[Image:Bild15.png|top]]
| |
| | |
| | |
| === Setting up a network card with 2 interfaces: ===
| |
| The following example below shows a static configuration for a network card with two interfaces:
| |
| | |
| auto eth0 eth0:1iface eth0 inet staticaddress 192.168.0.5network 192.168.0.0netmask 255.255.255.0broadcast 192.168.0.255gateway 192.168.0.1iface eth0:1 inet staticaddress 192.168.0.10network 192.168.0.0netmask 255.255.255.0
| |
| | |
| [[Image:Bild16.png|top]]As you can see in this way you can assign multiple IP addresses to a single network interface.
| |
| | |
| | |
| === Configure network bonding by editing the /etc/network/interfaces: ===
| |
| The following example shows my previous bonding mode 1 configuration within the /etc/network/interfaces file, I will leave interfaces with their names for easier understanding:
| |
| | |
| auto enp2s0iface enp2s0 inet manualbond-master bond0bond-primary enp2s0 wlp3s0 auto wlp3s0iface wlp3s0 inet manualbond-master bond0bond-primary enp2s0 wlp3s0wpa-ssid 'LinuxHint'wpa-bssid '14:CF:E2:2A:EF:00'wpa-psk '972537288765'auto bond0iface bond0 inet dhcpbond-slaves nonebond-mode active-backupbond-miimon 100bond-downdelay 200bond-updelay 200
| |
| | |
| [[Image:Bild17.png|top]]A network bonding configuration with static IP instead of DHCP would have the last block like:
| |
| | |
| iface bond0 inet staticaddress 192.168.0.54netmask 255.255.255.0network 192.168.0.0gateway 192.168.0.1
| |
| | |
| [[Image:Bild18.png|top]]You can run the following command to make sure bonding is working properly:<nowiki># cat /proc/net/bonding/bond0</nowiki>
| |
| | |
| [[Image:Bild19.png|top]]
| |
| | |
| Source of examples: [https://linuxhint.com/linux_network_bonding/ How to do Linux Network Bonding]
| |
| | |
| | |
| === Enable logging for the file /etc/network/interfaces: ===
| |
| There are 3 options related to the logging:
| |
| | |
| '''VERBOSE: '''instructs log files to have detailed information.'''DEBUG: '''enable debugging when logging.'''SYSLOG: '''save logs within /var/log/syslog.
| |
| | |
| [[Image:Bild20.png|top]]'''Pre-up commands for /etc/network/interfaces:''' Pre-up commands are executed before enabling the network device. If the pre-up command fails the network card activation wont take place.
| |
| | |
| '''Post-up instructions for /etc/network/interfaces:''' Post-up instructions are executed after the network interface is enabled.
| |
| | |
| '''Pre-down instructions for /etc/network/interfaces:''' Pre-down instructions are executed before disabling the network device.'''Post-down instructions for /etc/network/interfaces:''' Post-down instructions are executed after the network interface is disabled.
| |
| | |
| Pre-up, pre-down, post-up and post-down flags are conditional, if they ail the network device won’t get enabled or won’t be properly marked as disabled.
| |
| | |
| For example, the instruction:
| |
| | |
| pre-up /usr/local/sbin/iptables
| |
| | |
| Will run the firewall before the network interface gets enabled, if iptables fails to start the network interface wont turn on.
| |
| | |
| Quelle: https://linuxhint.com/debian_etc_network_interfaces/
| |
| | |
| = 3 ways to configure the network =
| |
| * The interfaces configuration file at /etc/network/interfaces (this page): for basic or simple configurations (e.g. workstation)
| |
| * [https://wiki.debian.org/NetworkManager NetworkManager]: This is the default for Laptop configuration
| |
| * Systemd: [https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-reference/ch05.en.html#_the_modern_network_configuration_without_gui Debian reference Doc Chapter 5]
| |
| | |
| | |
| = Setting up an Ethernet Interface =
| |
| The majority of network setup can be done via the <tt>'''interfaces'''</tt> configuration file at <tt>'''/etc/network/interfaces'''</tt>. Here, you can give your network card an IP address (or use dhcp), set up routing information, configure IP masquerading, set default routes and much more.
| |
| | |
| Remember to add interfaces that you want brought up at boot time to the 'auto' line.
| |
| | |
| See <tt>'''man interfaces'''</tt> for more options.
| |
| | |
| | |
| == Starting and Stopping Interfaces ==
| |
| Interfaces configured with <tt>/etc/network/interfaces</tt> can be brought up and down with the [https://manpages.debian.org/man/ifup ifup] and [https://manpages.debian.org/man/ifdown ifdown] commands.
| |
| | |
| Some outdated guides instruct to restart the networking service to apply changes to <tt>/etc/network/interfaces</tt>, however this was deprecated because it is possible that not all interfaces will be restarted. Instead use <tt>ifup</tt> and <tt>ifdown</tt> to apply changes to each interface, for example with an interface named enp7s0:
| |
| | |
| <nowiki># ifdown enp7s0</nowiki>
| |
| <nowiki># ifup enp7s0</nowiki>
| |
| | |
| | |
| == Reinitialize new network setup ==
| |
| If you make more fundamental network changes e.g. adding new virtual interfaces (e.g. bridge) in <tt>/etc/network/interfaces</tt> you can reinitialize the network-configuration be restarting the <tt>networking</tt> daemon:
| |
| | |
| <nowiki># systemctl status networking</nowiki>
| |
| <nowiki># systemctl restart networking</nowiki>
| |
| | |
| | |
| == Network Interface Names ==
| |
| See [https://wiki.debian.org/NetworkInterfaceNames NetworkInterfaceNames]. Since Stretch, new systems by default no longer use old-style interface names such as eth0, eth1, wlan0, wlan1. The new system uses names based on hardware location, like eno0, enp0s31f6, wlp1s7 (or in the case of USB dongles, MAC address: enx2c56ac39ec0d).
| |
| | |
| You can list interfaces with: <tt>ls /sys/class/net</tt>
| |
| | |
| Various examples below continue to use "eth0" as a default interface name, even though it is unlikely to exist on a modern system.
| |
| | |
| | |
| === Upgrading and Network Interface Names ===
| |
| Stretch and Buster still retain support for the old naming system as long as the file <tt>/etc/udev/rules.d/70-local-persistent-net.rules</tt> is still in place, but users are advised to switch ahead of the upgrade to Bullseye.
| |
| | |
| | |
| == Using DHCP to automatically configure the interface ==
| |
| If you're just using DHCP then all you need is something like:
| |
| | |
| auto eth0
| |
| allow-hotplug eth0
| |
| iface eth0 inet dhcp
| |
| | |
| For DHCPv6 (used for IPv6), '''append''' also the following <tt>iface</tt> stanza
| |
| | |
| iface eth0 inet6 dhcp
| |
| | |
| Alternatively, IPv6 can be autoconfigured using ''stateless address autoconfiguration,'' or SLAAC, which is specified using <tt>auto</tt> instead of <tt>dhcp</tt> in the <tt>inet6</tt> stanza:
| |
| | |
| iface eth0 inet6 auto
| |
| | |
| Also see [https://wiki.debian.org/IPv6PrefixDelegation IPv6PrefixDelegation].
| |
| | |
| | |
| == Configuring the interface manually ==
| |
| If you're configuring it manually then something like this will set the default gateway (network, broadcast and gateway are optional):
| |
| | |
| auto eth0
| |
| iface eth0 inet static
| |
| address 192.0.2.7/24
| |
| gateway 192.0.2.254
| |
| | |
| If you want to add an IPv6 address, too, '''append''' something like:
| |
| | |
| iface eth0 inet6 static
| |
| address 2001:db8::c0ca:1eaf/64
| |
| gateway 2001:db8::1ead:ed:beef
| |
| | |
| See <tt>'''man interfaces'''</tt> for more options.
| |
| | |
| Make sure to disable all DHCP services, e.g. <tt>dhcpcd</tt>.
| |
| | |
| Mixing manual and automatic configuration is also possible, e.g. to use IPv6 SLAAC for internet connectivity and static addresses within the network:
| |
| | |
| <nowiki># manual unique local address</nowiki>
| |
| iface eth0 inet6 static
| |
| address fdc3:cafe::3/64
| |
| <nowiki># use SLAAC to get global IPv6 address from the router</nowiki>
| |
| <nowiki># we may not enable ipv6 forwarding, otherwise SLAAC gets disabled</nowiki>
| |
| autoconf 1
| |
| accept_ra 2
| |
| | |
| | |
| == Setting the speed and duplex ==
| |
| Autonegotiation repeatedly failing is often a symptom of faulty cabling, so investigate physical matters before assuming that the interfaces' autonegotiation algorithms are incompatible. If you turn off autonegotiation and set speed and duplex manually then the partner interface at the other end of the cable will assume that the absence of autonegotiation indicates a speed of 10Mbps and a duplex of half. For error-free operation if you set speed and duplex manually you must ensure that exactly the same speed and duplex are configured on the partner interface.
| |
| | |
| If you set your interface's speed and duplex by hand, then some trial and error may be required. Here are the basic steps: * Install the [https://packages.debian.org/ethtool ethtool] and [https://packages.debian.org/net-tools net-tools] packages, so that you have the <tt>ethtool</tt> and <tt>mii-tool</tt> programs. One or both of these might work for your interface.
| |
| * Make sure you have a way to login to the system in case the network interface becomes nonfunctional. An [https://wiki.debian.org/SSH SSH] connection could be disrupted, so you should have a fallback strategy.
| |
| * Identify the interface in question (it will often be eth0). Adjust the remainder of these instructions accordingly.
| |
| * Try to determine what its current speed and duplex settings are. This is where it gets fun:
| |
| ** As root, try <tt>ethtool eth0</tt> first, and see whether the "Speed:" and "Duplex:" lines look valid. If not, the <tt>ethtool</tt> may not be supported by your device.
| |
| ** As root, try <tt>mii-tool -v eth0</tt> and see whether its output looks correct. If not, them <tt>mii-tool</tt> may not be supported by your device.
| |
| ** If neither one is supported, you may have to set parameters directly on the kernel driver module. Identify which driver module you're using by reading the output of <tt>dmesg</tt> and <tt>lsmod</tt>. You can then try <tt>modinfo MODULENAME</tt> to see what parameters it accepts, if any. (You can use <tt>modinfo</tt> even on modules that are not loaded, for comparison.) [https://wiki.debian.org/ToDo ToDo]: where does one set kernel module parameters?''
| |
| * Next, try to change the settings of the interface while it's operating. You'll need to be root, of course. Either:
| |
| ** <tt>ethtool -s eth0 speed 100 duplex full autoneg off</tt> (assuming 100 Mbps and full duplex)
| |
| ** <tt>mii-tool -F 100baseTx-FD eth0</tt> (same assumption)
| |
| | |
| In each case, re-check to see whether the interface settings actually changed, and then try sending some data in and out of the system to see whether the NIC is operating correctly.
| |
| * If one of these commands successfully set your NIC, then you can put it into <tt>/etc/network/interfaces</tt> so it runs when you bring the interface up (e.g. at boot time). However, before you do that, you should understand that some drivers and devices behave differently than others. When the driver module is loaded, the NIC may begin autonegotiation without any way to stop it (particularly with drivers that do not accept parameters). The settings from <tt>interfaces</tt> are applied at some point after that, which may be right in the middle of the negotiation. So, some people find it necessary to delay the <tt>ethtool</tt> or <tt>mii-tool</tt> command by a few seconds. Thus: <br/> iface eth0 inet static<br/> address .../...<br/> gateway ...<br/> up sleep 5; ethtool -s eth0 ...<br/>Or the analogous <tt>mii-tool</tt> command.
| |
| * Reboot the machine to make sure it comes up correctly, and be prepared to intervene manually (e.g. Ctrl-Alt-Del and then boot into single-user mode from GRUB or LILO) if things don't work.
| |
| | |
| | |
| == Bringing up an interface without an IP address ==
| |
| To create a network interface without an IP address at all use the manual method and use pre-up and post-down commands to bring the interface up and down.
| |
| | |
| iface eth0 inet manual
| |
| pre-up ifconfig $IFACE up
| |
| post-down ifconfig $IFACE down
| |
| | |
| If the interface is a VLAN interface, the up/down commands must be executed after/before the vlan hooks. (You also have to install the [https://packages.debian.org/vlan vlan] package.)
| |
| | |
| iface eth0.99 inet manual
| |
| post-up ifconfig $IFACE up
| |
| pre-down ifconfig $IFACE down
| |
| | |
| Note: If you create the VLAN interface only to put it into a bridge, there is no need to define the VLAN interface manually. Just configure the bridge, and the VLAN interface will be created automatically when creating the bridge (see below).
| |
| | |
| | |
| = Defining the (DNS) Nameservers =
| |
| Before a computer can connect to an external network resource (say, for example, a web server), it must have a means of converting any alpha-numeric names (e.g. wiki.debian.org) into numeric network addresses (e.g. 140.211.166.4). (The Internet uses these structured numeric IP addresses as network addresses.)
| |
| | |
| The C library and other resolver libraries look to <tt>/etc/resolv.conf</tt> for a list of nameservers. In the simplest case, that is the file to edit to set the list of name servers. But note that various other programs for dynamic configuration will be happy to overwrite your settings: # The <tt>'''resolvconf'''</tt> program
| |
| # The <tt>'''network-manager'''</tt> daemon
| |
| # DHCP clients
| |
| | |
| In most situations, the file to edit is the configuration file for such a program.
| |
| | |
| In the most complex situations, using <tt>'''resolvconf'''</tt> really is the way to go, though in more simple configurations it is probably overkill.
| |
| | |
| | |
| == The resolv.conf configuration file ==
| |
| The configuration file <tt>'''resolv.conf'''</tt> at <tt>/etc/resolv.conf</tt> contains information that allows a computer connected to a network to resolve names into addresses. (Note: Do not confuse this ''configuration file'' with the ''program'' <tt>'''resolvconf'''</tt>, which unfortunately has a nearly identical name.)
| |
| | |
| The <tt>'''resolv.conf'''</tt> file typically contains the IP addresses of nameservers (DNS name resolvers) that will attempt to translate names into addresses for any node available on the network. There will be a line or lines that look like this:
| |
| | |
| nameserver 12.34.56.78
| |
| nameserver 12.34.56.79
| |
| | |
| In this example, the system is using nameservers at the IP addresses <tt>12.34.56.78</tt> and <tt>12.34.56.79</tt>. Simply edit the file and enter the IP addresses of the nameservers you need to use after each <tt>nameserver</tt>. Add more <tt>nameserver</tt> lines if you have more nameservers. '''Don't use this method if you have the '''<tt>resolvconf</tt>''' program installed.'''
| |
| | |
| The <tt>'''resolv.conf'''</tt> configuration file has many other options for defining how resolver looks up names. See <tt>'''man resolv.conf'''</tt> for details.
| |
| | |
| | |
| == The resolvconf program ==
| |
| The <tt>'''resolvconf'''</tt> program keeps track of system information about the currently available nameservers. It should not be confused with the ''configuration file'' <tt>'''resolv.conf'''</tt>, which unfortunately has a nearly identical name. The <tt>'''resolvconf'''</tt> program is optional on a Debian system.
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| | |
| The configuration file <tt>'''resolv.conf'''</tt> contains information about the nameservers to be used by the system. However, when multiple programs need to dynamically modify the <tt>'''resolv.conf'''</tt> configuration file they can step on each other and the file can become out-of-sync. The <tt>'''resolvconf'''</tt> program addresses this problem. It acts as an intermediary between programs that supply nameserver information (e.g. dhcp clients) and programs that use nameserver information (e.g. resolver).
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| | |
| When <tt>'''resolvconf'''</tt> is properly installed, the <tt>'''resolv.conf'''</tt> configuration file at <tt>/etc/resolv.conf</tt> is replaced by a symbolic link to <tt>/etc/resolvconf/run/resolv.conf</tt> and the resolver instead uses the configuration file that is dynamically generated by <tt>'''resolvconf'''</tt> at <tt>/etc/resolvconf/run/resolv.conf</tt>.
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| | |
| The <tt>'''resolvconf'''</tt> program is generally only necessary when a system has multiple programs that need to dynamically modify the nameserver information. In a simple system where the nameservers do not change often or are only changed by one program, the <tt>'''resolv.conf'''</tt> configuration file is adequate.
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| | |
| If the <tt>'''resolvconf'''</tt> program is installed, you should not edit the <tt>'''resolv.conf'''</tt> configuration file manually as it will be dynamically changed by programs in the system. If you need to manually define the nameservers (as with a static interface), add a line something like the following to the <tt>'''interfaces'''</tt> configuration file at <tt>/etc/network/interfaces</tt>:
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| | |
| dns-nameservers 12.34.56.78 12.34.56.79
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| | |
| Place the line indented within an <tt>iface</tt> stanza, e.g., right after the <tt>gateway</tt> line. Enter the IP addresses of the nameservers you need to use after <tt>dns-nameservers</tt>. Put all of them on one line separated by spaces. Don't forget the "<tt>s</tt>" on the end of <tt>dns-nameservers</tt>.
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| | |
| The <tt>'''resolvconf'''</tt> program is a fairly new addition to Debian and many older programs need to be updated or reconfigured to work properly with it. If you have problems, see <tt>/usr/share/doc/resolvconf/README</tt>. It has lots of information on making other programs get along with <tt>'''resolvconf'''</tt>.
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| | |
| == DNS configuration for NetworkManager ==
| |
| [https://wiki.debian.org/NetworkManager NetworkManager] will override dhcp settings, overwriting resolv.conf even if you've configured DNS in /etc/dhcp/dhclient.conf, e.g. causing DNS to first search the local domain, which may have to time out before DNS resolution continues causing lengthy DNS resolution times. You can get an idea of what [https://wiki.debian.org/NetworkManager NetworkManager] thinks the settings should be by executing nm-tool at the command line.
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| | |
| You may configure these settings using a GUI by launching nm-connection-editor which currently (13.11.23) isn't to be found in System Tools → Administration menu, rather it must be launched by hand from the command line. After launching: # Choose a connection (from the Wired or Wireless tab) and click Edit.
| |
| # Click on the IPv4 Settings tab
| |
| # Choose 'Automatic (DHCP) addresses only' instead of just 'Automatic (DHCP)'.
| |
| # Enter the DNS servers in the “DNS servers” field, separated by spaces (e.g. 208.67.222.222 for OpenDNS).
| |
| # Click “Apply.”
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| | |
| [https://wiki.debian.org/NetworkManager NetworkManager] saves these settings in <tt>/etc/NetworkManager/system-connections/name-of-connection</tt>. Example <tt>/etc/NetworkManager/system-connections/Wired connection 1</tt> :
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| | |
| [802-3-ethernet]
| |
| duplex=full
| |
| mac-address=XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX
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| | |
| [connection]
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| id=Wired connection 1
| |
| uuid=xxx-xxxxxx-xxxxxx-xxxxxx-xxx
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| type=802-3-ethernet
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| timestamp=1385213042
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| | |
| [ipv6]
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| method=auto
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| [ipv4]
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| method=auto
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| dns=208.67.222.222;
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| ignore-auto-dns=true
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| | |
| Running nm-tool again should show that [https://wiki.debian.org/NetworkManager NetworkManager] now has the right idea of how your DNS should be resolved.
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| | |
| == DHCP Client Configuration ==
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| | |
| === Setting additional DNS Servers ===
| |
| Example: dhclient3 uses <tt>/etc/dhcp/dhclient.conf</tt>. The setting you want is
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| | |
| supersede domain-name-servers 12.34.56.78, 12.34.56.79;
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| or perhaps
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| prepend domain-name-servers 12.34.56.78, 12.34.56.79;
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| | |
| === Setting additional search domains ===
| |
| adding search domains for VPNs or local virtual networks:
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| | |
| append domain-name " virt vpn";
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| | |
| Note the leading space since the string is literally appended to the search domain provided by other configurations.
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| | |
| See the dhclient.conf(5) manual page for details.
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| | |
| = Bridging =
| |
| Bridging puts multiple interfaces into the same network segment. This is very popular when connecting a server to multiple switches for high availability or with virtualization. In the latter case it is usually used to create a bridge in the host (eg. dom0) and put the virtual interfaces of the guests (domU) into the bridge. * The [https://packages.debian.org/bridge-utils bridge-utils] package is required to create bridged interfaces.
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| | |
| Example: Connect a server to 2 switches (via eth0 and eth1) by defining bridge 0 and give the server an IP address in this subnet:
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| auto br0
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| iface br0 inet static
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| address 10.10.0.15/24
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| gateway 10.10.0.1
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| bridge_ports eth0 eth1
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| up /usr/sbin/brctl stp br0 on
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| | |
| If a server is connected to multiple switches then you usually need to run the spanning tree protocol to avoid loops. Therefore STP must be turned on via an "up" command as shown above.
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| | |
| Example: Bridge setup without IP address configuration (use "manual" instead of "static") to "forward" an interface to a guest VM. (The static bridge config contains only 1 physical interface. The virtual interface will be added to the bridge when the VM is started.)
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| | |
| auto br1
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| iface br1 inet manual
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| bridge_ports eth4
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| up /usr/sbin/brctl setageing br1 0
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| up /usr/sbin/brctl stp br1 off
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| | |
| Note: The Linux bridge supports only STP, no RSTP (Rapid Spanning Tree). Therefore it supports only the old STP Costs, not the new RSTP Costs (see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanning_Tree_Protocol#Data_rate_and_STP_path_cost Spanning_Tree_Protocol]). This is usually fine with Cisco Switches, but eg. Juniper switches use the RSTP costs and therefore this may lead to different spanning tree calculations and loop problems. This can be fixed by settings the costs manually, either on the switch or on the server. Setting the cost on the switch is preferred as Linux switches back to the default costs whenever an interface does down/up.
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| | |
| == Bridging without Switching ==
| |
| By default the Linux bridge acts like a switch. This means, it remembers the MAC addresses behind a switch port and if the destination MAC address is known, data packets or only forward to the respective port - otherwise packets will be broadcasted.
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| | |
| In some setups this is bad. For example if the bridge connects 2 trunk interfaces and the same MAC addresses may be seen from both interfaces, depending on the VLAN. As the Linux bridge does not support VLANs (dedicated MAC address tables per each VLAN), in such setups you have to disable the MAC address learning and put the bridge into a real "bridge" mode with:
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| | |
| up /sbin/brctl setageing br0 0
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| up /sbin/brctl stp br0 off
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| | |
| | |
| = Howto use vlan (dot1q, 802.1q, trunk) (Etch, Lenny) =
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| | |
| == Manual config ==
| |
| modprobe 8021q
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| | |
| apt install vlan
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| vconfig add eth0 222 <nowiki># 222 is vlan number</nowiki>
| |
| ifconfig eth0.222 up
| |
| ifconfig eth0.222 mtu 1496 <nowiki>#optional if your network card doesn't support MTU 1504B</nowiki>
| |
| ifconfig eth0.222 10.10.10.1 netmask 255.255.255.0
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| | |
| | |
| == Network init script config ==
| |
| Into /etc/modules add line:
| |
| | |
| 8021q
| |
| | |
| In /etc/network/interfaces to section iface add parameter:
| |
| | |
| vlan-raw-device eth0
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| | |
| The interface name should be the raw interface name (the same as specified by vlan-raw-device), then a dot, then the VLAN ID, for example eth0.100. It can instead be "vlan" then the VLAN ID, for example vlan100. In either case, the VLAN ID is on the end, and this is the only place that it is configured.
| |
| | |
| Note: If you name your VLAN interfaces ethX.YYY, then there is no need to specify the vlan-raw-device, as the raw device can be retrieved from the interface name.
| |
| | |
| Eg:
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| | |
| auto eth0.222
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| iface eth0.222 inet static
| |
| address 10.10.10.1/24
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| vlan-raw-device eth0
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| | |
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| == Bridges and VLANs ==
| |
| If you create VLAN interfaces only to put them into a bridge, there is no need to define the VLAN interfaces manually. Just config the bridge, and the VLAN interface will be created automatically when creating the bridge, e.g:
| |
| | |
| auto br1
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| iface br1 inet manual
| |
| bridge_ports eth0.99 eth1.99
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| up /usr/sbin/brctl stp br1 on
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| | |
| | |
| == Caveats when using bridging and vlan ==
| |
| <nowiki>#/etc/network/interfaces</nowiki>
| |
| auto eth0 bri0
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| iface eth0 inet static
| |
| address 192.168.1.1/24
| |
| iface eth0.110 inet manual
| |
| vlan-raw-device eth0
| |
| iface bri0 inet static
| |
| address 192.168.110.1/24
| |
| bridge_ports eth0.110
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| bridge_stp on
| |
| bridge_maxwait 10
| |
| | |
| If you are using a brigded VLAN setup, which is probably useful for networking in virtualization environments, take care to only attach either a bridge device or VLAN devices to an underlying physical device - like shown above. Attaching the physical interface (eth0) to a bridge (eg. bri1) while using the same physical interface on apparently different VLANs will result in all packets to remain tagged. (Kernel newer than 2.6.37 and older than 3.2).
| |
| | |
| | |
| = Howto create fault tolerant bonding with vlan (Etch - Stretch) =
| |
| [[Image:Bild21.png|top|alt="debian_bonding.png"]]
| |
| | |
| [https://wiki.debian.org/NetworkConfiguration?action=AttachFile&do=view&target=debian_bonding.dia debian_bonding.dia]
| |
| | |
| How to configure one of the above server active backup bonding 3 vlan {vlan10,vlan20,vlan30} Debian networking without SPOF without native vlan.
| |
| | |
| aptitude install vlan ifenslave-2.6
| |
| | |
| | |
| == Network config ==
| |
| Cisco switch interface example config
| |
| | |
| interface GigabitEthernet1/2
| |
| description eth1
| |
| switchport
| |
| switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
| |
| switchport trunk allowed vlan 10,20,30
| |
| switchport mode trunk
| |
| no ip address
| |
| no cdp enable
| |
| spanning-tree portfast trunk
| |
| | |
| | |
| == bonding with active backup ==
| |
| Create a file <tt>/etc/modprobe.d/bonding.conf</tt> containing:
| |
| | |
| alias bond0 bonding
| |
| options bonding mode=active-backup miimon=100 downdelay=200 updelay=200 primary=eth1
| |
| | |
| | |
| == /etc/network/interfaces ==
| |
| <nowiki># The loopback network interface</nowiki>
| |
| auto lo
| |
| iface lo inet loopback
| |
| <nowiki># The primary network interface</nowiki>
| |
| auto bond0
| |
| iface bond0 inet manual
| |
| up ifconfig bond0 0.0.0.0 up
| |
| slaves eth1 eth0
| |
| auto vlan10
| |
| iface vlan10 inet static
| |
| address 10.10.10.12/24
| |
| vlan-raw-device bond0
| |
| gateway 10.10.0.1
| |
| dns-search hup.hu
| |
| dns-nameservers 10.10.0.2
| |
| auto vlan20
| |
| iface vlan20 inet static
| |
| address 10.20.10.12/24
| |
| vlan-raw-device bond0
| |
| auto vlan30
| |
| iface vlan30 inet static
| |
| address 10.30.10.12/24
| |
| vlan-raw-device bond0* In Debian Buster, you must use interface names for VLANs in the form of: <tt>bond0.10</tt>, <tt>bond0.20</tt>, and <tt>bond0.30</tt> instead of <tt>vlan10</tt>, <tt>vlan20</tt>, <tt>vlan30</tt>
| |
| * [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/networking/bonding.txt https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/networking/bonding.txt] - Linux kernel documentation on bonding
| |
| * [https://www.dm.unibo.it/~donatini/admin/rete/bonding.html https://www.dm.unibo.it/~donatini/admin/rete/bonding.html] - Bonding on Linux 2.6
| |
| | |
| | |
| == How to set the MTU (Max transfer unit / packet size) with VLANS over a bonded interface ==
| |
| MTU needs to be configured on the bonding interface and slave interfaces after the reset of the configuration has been applied to the bonding interfaces. This is done using a post-up line in the bonding interface configuration.
| |
| | |
| auto bond0
| |
| iface bond0 inet manual
| |
| up ifconfig lacptrunk0 0.0.0.0 up
| |
| slaves eth0 eth1
| |
| <nowiki># bond-mode 4 = 802.3ad</nowiki>
| |
| bond-mode 4
| |
| bond-miimon 100
| |
| bond-downdelay 200
| |
| bond-updelay 200
| |
| bond-lacp-rate 1
| |
| bond-xmit-hash-policy layer2+3
| |
| post-up ifconfig eth0 mtu 9000 && ifconfig eth1 mtu 9000 && ifconfig bond0 mtu 9000
| |
| | |
| <nowiki>#vlan devices will use the MTU set on bond0 device</nowiki>
| |
| auto vlan101
| |
| iface vlan101 inet static
| |
| | |
| address 10.101.60.123/24
| |
| gateway 10.155.60.1
| |
| vlan-raw-device bond0
| |
| | |
| auto vlan151
| |
| iface vlan151 inet static
| |
| | |
| address 192.168.1.1/24
| |
| vlan-raw-device bond0
| |
| | |
| | |
| = Multiple IP addresses on one Interface =
| |
| Interface aliasing allows one interface to have multiple IP addresses. This is useful when more than one server is to be visible ''via'' the Internet. Note that virtual hosts can support multiple Apache servers with a single IP address. Apache responds to the domain name supplied by the client in the HTTP header. In many other situations, one external IP is needed for each server using a port.
| |
| | |
| | |
| == Legacy method ==
| |
| This /etc/network/interfaces text assigns three IP addresses to eth0.
| |
| | |
| auto eth0
| |
| allow-hotplug eth0
| |
| iface eth0 inet static
| |
| address 192.168.1.42/24
| |
| gateway 192.168.1.1
| |
| | |
| auto eth0:0
| |
| allow-hotplug eth0:0
| |
| iface eth0:0 inet static
| |
| address 192.168.1.43/24
| |
| | |
| auto eth0:1
| |
| allow-hotplug eth0:1
| |
| iface eth0:1 inet static
| |
| address 192.168.1.44/24
| |
| | |
| An alias interface should not have "gateway" or "dns-nameservers"; dynamic IP assignment is permissible.
| |
| | |
| The above configuration is the previous traditional method that reflects the traditional use of ''ifconfig'' to configure network devices. ''ifconfig'' has introduced the concept of ''aliased'' or ''virtual'' interfaces. Those types of virtual interfaces have names of the form ''interface:integer'' and ifconfig treats them very similarly to real interfaces.
| |
| | |
| Nowadays ''ifupdown'' uses the ''ip'' utility from the ''iproute2'' package instead of ''ifconfig''. The newer ''ip'' utility does not use the same concept of aliases or virtual interfaces. However, it supports assigning arbitrary names to the interfaces (they're called labels). ''ifupdown'' uses this feature to support aliased interfaces while using ''ip''.
| |
| | |
| | |
| == iproute2 method ==
| |
| Also, ''ifupdown'' supports specifying multiple interfaces by repeating ''iface'' sections with the same interface name. The key difference from the method described above is that all such sections are treated by ''ifupdown'' as just one interface, so user can't add or remove them individually. However, ''up''/''down'' commands, as well as scripts, are called for every section as it used to be.
| |
| | |
| Note however that this method is '''dangerous'''! Certain driver/hardware combinations may sometimes fail to bring the link up if no labels are assigned to the alias interfaces. (Seen this on Debian Wheezy and Jessie with RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev 01) auto-negotiating to 10/full. A similar warning from another person exists in the history of this page.)
| |
| | |
| This /etc/network/interfaces text assigns three IP addresses to eth0.
| |
| | |
| auto eth0
| |
| allow-hotplug eth0
| |
| iface eth0 inet static
| |
| address 192.168.1.42/24
| |
| gateway 192.168.1.1
| |
| | |
| iface eth0 inet static
| |
| address 192.168.1.43/24
| |
| | |
| iface eth0 inet static
| |
| address 192.168.1.44/24
| |
| | |
| <nowiki># adding IP addresses from different subnets is also possible</nowiki>
| |
| iface eth0 inet static
| |
| address 10.10.10.14/24
| |
| | |
| Manual approach:
| |
| | |
| auto eth0
| |
| allow-hotplug eth0
| |
| iface eth0 inet static
| |
| address 192.168.1.42/24
| |
| gateway 192.168.1.1
| |
| up ip addr add 192.168.1.43/24 dev $IFACE label $IFACE:0
| |
| down ip addr del 192.168.1.43/24 dev $IFACE label $IFACE:0
| |
| up ip addr add 192.168.1.44/24 dev $IFACE label $IFACE:1
| |
| down ip addr del 192.168.1.44/24 dev $IFACE label $IFACE:1
| |
| up ip addr add 10.10.10.14/24 dev $IFACE label $IFACE:2
| |
| down ip addr del 10.10.10.14/24 dev $IFACE label $IFACE:2
| |
| | |
| Quelle: [https://wiki.debian.org/NetworkConfiguration https://wiki.debian.org/NetworkConfiguration]
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| [[Kategorie:Entwurf]]
| |
| [[Kategorie:Linux:Netzwerk]]
| |