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| {{technical|date=January 2019}}
| | [[Kategorie:Firewall]] |
| {{DISPLAYTITLE:firewalld}}{{distinguish|Firewall (disambiguation){{!}}Firewalled}}
| | [[Kategorie:RedHat]] |
| {{Infobox software
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| | name = firewalld
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| | logo =
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| | screenshot =
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| | caption =
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| | collapsible =
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| | author =
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| | developer = Thomas Woerner, [[Red Hat|Red Hat, Inc.]]
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| | released = {{Start date and age|2011|01|03}}<ref>{{cite web|title=firewalld releases|url=https://github.com/firewalld/firewalld/releases|website=github.com repository|accessdate=29 March 2017}}</ref>
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| | latest release version = 0.7.1
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| | latest release date = {{Start date and age|2019|07|22}}
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| | latest preview version =
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| | latest preview date =
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| | repo = {{URL|https://github.com/firewalld/firewalld.git}}
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| | programming language = [[Python (programming language)|Python]]
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| | operating system = [[Linux]]
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| | platform = [[Netfilter]]
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| | size =
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| | language =
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| | genre =
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| | license = [[GNU General Public License]] 2
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| | website = {{URL|http://www.firewalld.org/}}
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| | bodystyle = width:28em;
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| }}
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| '''firewalld''' is a [[Firewall (computing)|firewall]] management tool for [[Linux|Linux operating systems]]. It provides firewall features by acting as a front-end for the Linux kernel's [[netfilter]] framework via the [[nftables]] userspace utility (before v0.6.0 [[iptables]] backend),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/firewalld/firewalld/releases/tag/v0.6.0|title=Release firewalld-0.6.0 · firewalld/firewalld|website=Firewalld github|accessdate=2019-06-12}}</ref> acting as an alternative to the nft command line program. The name ''firewalld'' adheres to the [[Unix]] convention of naming system [[daemon (computing)|daemons]] by appending the letter "d".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kerrisk|first1=Michael|title=The Linux Programming Interface|date=2010|publisher=No Starch|location=San Francisco, California|isbn=9781593272203|page=768}}<!--|accessdate=9 February 2016--></ref>
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| firewalld is written in [[Python (programming language)|Python]]. It was intended to be ported to [[C++]], but the porting project was abandoned in January 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=firewalld development page|url=http://www.firewalld.org/development/|website=firewalld project website|accessdate=9 February 2016}}</ref>
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| ==Features==
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| firewalld supports both [[IPv4]] and [[IPv6]] networks and can administer separate ''firewall zones'' with varying degrees of trust as defined in ''zone profiles''. Administrators can configure [[Network Manager]] to automatically switch zone profiles based on known [[Wi-Fi]] (wireless) and [[Ethernet]] (wired) networks, but firewalld cannot do this on its own.<ref>{{cite web|title= FirewallD|url= https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/FirewallD|website= Fedora community wiki|accessdate= 9 February 2016}}</ref>
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| Services and applications can use the [[D-Bus]] interface to query and configure the firewall.<ref name="firewalldhomepage">{{cite web|title= firewalld project home page|url= http://www.firewalld.org/|website= firewalld project website|accessdate= 9 February 2016}}</ref> firewalld supports timed rules, meaning the number of connections (or "hits") to a service can be limited globally. There is no support for hit-counting and subsequent connection rejection per source IP; a common technique deployed to limit the impact of [[Brute-force search | brute-force]] [[security hacker | hacking]] and [[distributed denial-of-service]] attacks.<ref name="firewalldvsufw">{{cite web|last1= Aleksandersen|first1= Daniel|title= Comparing and contrasting Uncomplicated Firewall and FirewallD|url= https://www.slightfuture.com/technote/ufw-vs-firewalld|website= Slight Future|accessdate= 9 February 2016}}</ref>
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| firewalld's command syntax is similar to but more verbose than other [[iptables]] front-ends like [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]]'s [[Uncomplicated Firewall]] (ufw).<ref name="firewalldvsufw" /> The command-line interface allows managing firewall rulesets for protocol, ports, source and destination; or predefined services by name.
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| Services are defined as [[XML]] files containing port- and protocol-mappings, and optionally extra information like specifying [[subnetwork|subnets]] and listing required Kernel helper modules.<ref>
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| {{cite web
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| |title= firewalld service configuration files
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| |url= https://twoerner.fedorapeople.org/firewalld/doc/firewalld.service.html
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| |website= Thomas Woerner's space on Fedora People
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| |accessdate= 9 February 2016
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| }}
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| </ref>
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| The syntax resembles that of [[systemd]]'s service files. A simple service file for a web server listening on [[Transmission Control Protocol|TCP]] port 443 might look like this:
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| <source lang="xml">
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| <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
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| <service>
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| <short>Web Server</short>
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| <description>Public web host over HTTPS.</description>
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| <port port="443" protocol="tcp" />
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| </service>
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| </source>
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| Limitations:
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| Firewalld currently does not support outbound rules to the same capacity of inbound rules. Limitations include things such on ipsets, service names, and default outbound block by default rules required by standards such as NIST 800-171 and 800-53. Default block all needs to be done at the "raw" IPTables level via the --direct flag, and with the order of operations FirewallD uses to prioritize Rrules, rich rules, direct rules, it may be easier to enter all rules for outbound via --direct or use iptables (netfilter-persist)
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| ==Graphical front-ends (GUIs)==
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| '''firewall-config''' is a graphical front-end that is optionally included with firewalld, with support for most of its features.
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| '''firewall-applet''' is a small status indicator utility that is optionally included with firewalld. It can provide firewall event log notifications as well as a quick way to open firewall-config. firewall-applet was ported from the [[GTK+]] to the [[Qt (software)|Qt]] framework in the summer of 2015 following the [[GNOME Desktop]]’s deprecation of [[system tray]] icons.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Woerner|first1=Thomas|title=On the way to Qt|url=http://www.firewalld.org/2015/06/on-the-way-to-qt/|website=firewalld blog|accessdate=9 February 2016}}</ref>
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| ==Adoption==
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| {{Portal|Free and open-source software|Linux}}
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| firewalld ships by default on the following Linux distributions:<ref name="firewalldhomepage" />
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| * [[CentOS]] 7 and newer
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| * [[Fedora (operating system)|Fedora]] 18 and newer
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| * [[Red Hat Enterprise Linux]] 7 and newer
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| * [[OpenSUSE]] Leap 15 and newer<ref name=SUSE>https://en.opensuse.org/Firewalld</ref>
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| * [[SUSE Linux Enterprise]] 15 and newer<ref name=SUSE></ref>
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| firewalld is enabled by default in all of these distributions. firewalld is also available as one of many firewall options in the package repository of many other popular distributions such as [[Debian]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Package: firewalld|url=https://packages.debian.org/stable/firewalld|website=Debian package repository|accessdate=9 February 2016}}</ref> or Ubuntu.
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist}}
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| {{Firewall software}}
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| [[Category:Firewall software]]
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| [[Category:Linux security software]]
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| [[Category:Command-line software]]
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| [[Category:Linux kernel features]]
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| [[Category:Linux-only software]]
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| [[Category:Red Hat software]] | |
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| =Firewall konfigurieren mit firewalld=
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| CentOS (7) bringt mit firewalld eine
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| * einfach zu konfigurierende Firewall mit.
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| * Im Gegensatz zu UFW unter Ubuntu ist die Firewall unter Centos 7 von Anfang an aktiv.
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| * Sie unterstützt IPv4 und IPv6 als auch unterschiedliche Zonen für unterschiedliche Interfaces.
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| * Wird einem Interface z.B. die Zone „home“ zugewiesen, werden alle eingehenden Verbindungen angenommen.
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| * Wird die Zone „public“ zugewiesen, werden keine eingehenden Verbindungen angenommen, außer diese wurden explizit zugelassen.
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| * Für einen Server im Internet ist somit die Zone „public“ die geeignete.
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| * Um zu überprüfen ob die Firewall bereits aktiv ist wird folgender Befehl als root ausgeführt
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| # systemctl status firewalld
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| wenn die Firewall aktiv ist erhält man eine Ausgabe wie die folgende:
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| Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; enabled)
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| Active: active (running) since So 2014-08-31 09:23:48 CEST; 14min ago
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| Main PID: 539 (firewalld)
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| CGroup: /system.slice/firewalld.service
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| └─539 /usr/bin/python -Es /usr/sbin/firewalld --nofork --nopid
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| Aug 31 09:23:48 centos systemd[1]: Started firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon.
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| Ist der Dämon nicht aktiv, kann er mit
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| # systemctl start firewalld
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| gestartet werden.
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| * Konfiguriert wird die Firewall mit dem Kommando firewall-cmd und den entsprechenden Optionen.
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| * Damit eine Änderung dauerhaft ist, und nicht nach einenm Neustart verloren geht, muss immer die Option –permanent verwendet werden.
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| Um herauszufinden welche Zone(n) gerade aktiv sind führt man folgenden Befehl aus:
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| # firewall-cmd --get-active-zones
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| und erhält z.B. folgende Ausgabe
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| # firewall-cmd --get-active-zones
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| public
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| interfaces: eth0
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| Dies bedeutet, dass dem Interface eth0 die Zone public zugewiesen ist.
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| Bei einem Server mit nur einem Netzwerkinterface ist das in den meisten Fällen die sinnvollste Einstellung.
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| Eine Liste mit allen verfügbaren Zonen erhält man mit:
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| # firewall-cmd --get-zones
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| block dmz drop external home internal public trusted work
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| Die Standard Zone kann folgendermaßen geändert werden, in diesem Fall z.B. auf „home“
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| # firewall-cmd --set-default-zone=home
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| success
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| Damit die Änderung auch nach einem Neustart noch funktioniert muss, wie oben beschrieben ein –permanent angehängt werden
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| # firewall-cmd --set-default-zone=home --permanent
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| success
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| Dienste welche Verbindungen annehmen dürfen werden immer einer Zone zugewiesen.
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| Firewalld kommt mit vorkonfigurierten Diensten, von denen mache schon aktiv sind, z.B SSH auf Port 22. Die Konfiguration der Zone public erhält man mit:
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| # firewall-cmd --zone=public --list-all
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| public (default, active)
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| interfaces: eth0
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| sources:
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| services: dhcpv6-client ssh
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| ports:
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| masquerade: no
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| forward-ports:
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| icmp-blocks:
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| rich rules:
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| Die vorkonfigurierten Services sind unter /usr/lib/firewalld/services gespeichert.
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| Eigene Services können unter /etc/firewalld/services hinzugefügt werden.
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| Wenn eine Datei in beiden Verzeichnissen vorhanden ist, wird die Datei in /etc/firewalld/services verwendet.
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| Einen neuen Service (in diesem Fall http, Port 80) kann man mit folgendem Befehl freigeben:
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| # firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-service=http --permanent
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| success
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| Damit Änderungen aktiv werden muss immer die Konfiguration neu geladen werden
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| # firewall-cmd --reload
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| success
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| Ruft man nun erneut die Konfiguration der Zone public auf sieht man dass der Service http hinzugefügt wurde
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| # firewall-cmd --zone=public --list-all
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| public (default, active)
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| interfaces: eth0
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| sources:
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| services: dhcpv6-client http ssh
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| ports:
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| masquerade: no
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| forward-ports:
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| icmp-blocks:
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| rich rules:
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| Entfernen kann man den Service wieder mit folgendem Befehl:
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| # firewall-cmd --zone=public --remove-service=http --permanent
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| success
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| und anschließendem
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| # firewall-cmd --reload
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| success
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| Natürlich ist es auch möglich einen Port für ein bestimmtes Protokoll freizugeben, ohne dafür einen Service zu konfigurieren.
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| In diesem Fall geben wir Port 443 für TCP frei.
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| # firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=443/tcp --permanent
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| success
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| Aktiviert wird die Freigabe wieder mit
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| # firewall-cmd --reload
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| success
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| Eine erneutes Anzeigen der Konfiguration der Zone public zeigt uns dass der Port freigegeben wurde
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| # firewall-cmd --zone=public --list-all
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| public (default, active)
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| interfaces: eth0
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| sources:
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| services: dhcpv6-client http ssh
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| ports: 443/tcp
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| masquerade: no
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| forward-ports:
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| icmp-blocks:
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| rich rules:
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| Entfernen kann man die Portfreigabe wieder mit
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| # firewall-cmd --zone=public --remove-port=443/tcp --permanent
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| success
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| ==Weblinks==
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| * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewalld
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| * https://www.techgrube.de/tutorials/centos-firewall-konfigurieren-mit-firewalld
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| * https://firewalld.org/documentation/man-pages/firewall-cmd.html
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| * https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-set-up-a-firewall-using-firewalld-on-centos-7
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| * https://computingforgeeks.com/how-to-install-and-configure-firewalld-on-debian/
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| * https://www.linuxnix.com/installing-configuring-firewalld-linux/
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| * https://www.redhat.com/sysadmin/secure-linux-network-firewall-cmd
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