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= The Perfect Server - Debian 10 (Buster) with Apache, BIND, Dovecot, PureFTPD and ISPConfig 3.1 =
== Debian-Server-Installation ==
* mit Apache2, BIND, Dovecot
* ISPConfig installieren


This tutorial shows how to prepare a Debian 10 server (with Apache2, BIND, Dovecot) for the installation of [http://www.ispconfig.org/ ISPConfig 3.1], and how to install ISPConfig. The web hosting control panel ISPConfig 3 allows you to configure the following services through a web browser: Apache or nginx web server, Postfix mail server, Courier or Dovecot IMAP/POP3 server, MySQL, BIND or MyDNS nameserver, PureFTPd, SpamAssassin, ClamAV, and many more. This setup covers Apache (instead of nginx), BIND, and Dovecot.
Mit dem Webhosting-Kontrollpanel ISPConfig können Sie die folgenden Dienste über einen Webbrowser konfigurieren: Apache oder nginx Webserver, Postfix Mailserver, Courier oder Dovecot IMAP/POP3 Server, MySQL, BIND oder MyDNS Nameserver, PureFTPd, SpamAssassin, ClamAV, und viele mehr.  


== 1 Preliminary Note ==
Dieses Setup umfasst Apache (anstelle von nginx), BIND und Dovecot.


In this tutorial, I will use the hostname server1.example.com with the IP address 192.168.0.100 and the gateway 192.168.0.1. These settings might differ for you, so you have to replace them where appropriate. Before proceeding further you need to have a minimal installation of Debian 10. This might be a Debian minimal image from your Hosting provider or you use the [https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/debian-10-buster-minimal-server/ Minimal Debian Server] tutorial to set up the base system.
== Vorbemerkung ==
In diesem Tutorial werde ich den Hostnamen server1 verwenden.
* example.com mit der IP-Adresse 192.168.0.100 und dem Gateway 192.168.0.1.  
* Diese Einstellungen können bei Ihnen abweichen, so dass Sie sie gegebenenfalls ersetzen müssen.  
* Bevor Sie fortfahren, benötigen Sie eine Minimalinstallation von Debian 10.  
* Dies kann ein Debian-Minimal-Image von Ihrem Hosting-Anbieter sein oder Sie verwenden das [https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/debian-10-buster-minimal-server/ Minimal Debian Server] Tutorial, um das Basissystem einzurichten.


All commands below are run as root user. Either log in as root user directly or log in as your normal user and then use the command
* Alle folgenden Befehle werden als root-Benutzer ausgeführt.  
* Melden Sie sich entweder direkt als root-Benutzer an oder melden Sie sich als normaler Benutzer an und verwenden Sie dann den Befehl
$ su -


su -
um root-Benutzer auf Ihrem Server zu werden, bevor Sie fortfahren.


to become root user on your server before you proceed. '''IMPORTANT''': You must use 'su -' and not just 'su', otherwise your PATH variable is set wrong by Debian.
'''WICHTIG''': Sie müssen 'su -' und nicht nur 'su' verwenden, sonst ist Ihre PATH-Variable falsch gesetzt.


== 2 Install the SSH server (Optional) ==
== SSH-Server==
Wenn Sie den OpenSSH-Server nicht während der Systeminstallation installiert haben, können Sie dies jetzt nachholen:
# apt install ssh openssh-server
Von nun an können Sie einen SSH-Client wie z. B. [http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/%7Esgtatham/putty/download.html PuTTY] verwenden und sich von Ihrer Workstation aus mit Ihrem Debian 9 Server verbinden und die restlichen Schritte aus diesem Tutorial ausführen.


If you did not install the OpenSSH server during the system installation, you can do it now:
== Texteditor ==
# apt install vim


apt-get install ssh openssh-server
== Konfigurieren Sie den Hostnamen ==


From now on you can use an SSH client such as [http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/%7Esgtatham/putty/download.html PuTTY] and connect from your workstation to your Debian 9 server and follow the remaining steps from this tutorial.
Der Hostname Ihres Servers sollte eine Subdomain wie "server1.example.com" sein. Verwenden Sie keinen Domainnamen ohne Subdomain-Teil wie "example.com" als Hostname, da dies später zu Problemen bei der Mail-Einrichtung führen kann. Als erstes sollten Sie den Hostnamen in /etc/hosts überprüfen und ihn gegebenenfalls ändern. Die Zeile sollte lauten: "IP-Adresse - Leerzeichen - vollständiger Hostname inkl. Domain - Leerzeichen - Subdomain-Teil". Für unseren Hostnamen server1.example.com sollte die Datei wie folgt aussehen:


== 3 Install a shell text editor (Optional) ==
# vi /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost
192.168.0.100 server1.beispiel.com server1
# Die folgenden Zeilen sind für IPv6-fähige Hosts erwünscht
::1 localhost ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
ff02::1 ip6-allnodes
ff02::2 ip6-allrouters


We will use nano text editor in this tutorial. Some users prefer the classic vi editor, therefore we will install both editors here. The default vi program has some strange behavior on Debian and Ubuntu; to fix this, we install vim-nox:
Bearbeiten Sie dann die Datei /etc/hostname:
# vi /etc/hostname


apt-get install nano vim-nox
Sie soll nur den Teil mit der Subdomain enthalten, in unserem Fall:
server1


If vi is your favorite editor, then replace nano with vi in the following commands to edit files.
Starten Sie schließlich den Server neu, um die Änderung zu übernehmen:
# systemctl reboot


== 4 Configure the Hostname ==
Melden Sie sich erneut an und überprüfen Sie mit diesen Befehlen, ob der Hostname jetzt korrekt ist:
# hostname
# hostname -f


The hostname of your server should be a subdomain like "server1.example.com". Do not use a domain name without subdomain part like "example.com" as hostname as this will cause problems later with your mail setup. First, you should check the hostname in /etc/hosts and change it when necessary. The line should be: "IP Address - space - full hostname incl. domain - space - subdomain part". For our hostname server1.example.com, the file shall look like this:
Die Ausgabe sollte wie folgt aussehen:
# root@server1:/tmp# hostname
server1
# root@server1:/tmp# hostname -f
server1.example.com


nano /etc/hosts
== Installation aktualisieren ==
127.0.0.1      localhost.localdomain  localhost
Stellen Sie zunächst sicher, dass Ihre /etc/apt/sources.list das Repository buster/updates enthält (dies stellt sicher, dass Sie immer die neuesten Sicherheitsupdates erhalten), und dass die Repositories contrib und non-free aktiviert sind, da einige benötigte Pakete nicht im Hauptrepository enthalten sind.
192.168.0.100  server1.example.com    server1
# vi /etc/apt/sources.list
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian/ buster main contrib non-free
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian/ buster main contrib non-free
deb http://security.debian.org/debian-security buster/updates hauptbeitrag unfrei
deb-src http://security.debian.org/debian-security buster/updates main contrib non-free


<nowiki># The following lines are desirable for IPv6 capable hosts</nowiki>
Ausführen:
::1    localhost ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
# apt update
ff02::1 ip6-allnodes
ff02::2 ip6-allrouters


Then edit the /etc/hostname file:
Um die apt-Paketdatenbank zu aktualisieren
# apt upgrade
und um die letzten Aktualisierungen zu installieren (falls es welche gibt).


nano /etc/hostname
== Ändern der Standard-Shell ==
/bin/sh ist ein Symlink zu /bin/dash, aber wir brauchen /bin/bash, nicht /bin/dash. Deshalb machen wir dies:
# dpkg-reconfigure dash
Dash als Standard-System-Shell (/bin/sh) verwenden? <-- Nein


It shall contain only the subdomain part, in our case:
Wenn Sie dies nicht tun, wird die ISPConfig-Installation fehlschlagen.


server1
== Synchronisieren der Systemuhr ==
Es ist eine gute Idee, die Systemuhr mit einem NTP ('''n'''etwork '''t'''ime '''p'''rotocol) Server über das Internet zu synchronisieren. Führen Sie einfach aus
# apt install ntp
und Ihre Systemzeit wird immer synchron sein.


Finally,&nbsp;reboot the server to apply the change:
[[Kategorie:ISPConfig]]
 
[[Kategorie:Debian]]
systemctl reboot
 
Log in again and check if the hostname is correct now with these commands:
 
hostname
hostname -f
 
The output shall be like this:
 
root@server1:/tmp# hostname
server1
root@server1:/tmp# hostname -f
server1.example.com
 
== 5 Update your Debian Installation ==
 
First, make sure that your /etc/apt/sources.list contains the buster/updates repository (this makes sure you always get the newest security updates), and that the contrib and non-free repositories are enabled as some required packages are not in the main repository.
 
nano /etc/apt/sources.list
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian/ buster main contrib non-free
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian/ buster main contrib non-free
deb http://security.debian.org/debian-security buster/updates main contrib non-free
deb-src http://security.debian.org/debian-security buster/updates main contrib non-free
 
Run:
 
apt-get update
 
To update the apt package database
 
apt-get upgrade
 
and to install the latest updates (if there are any).
 
== 6. Change the Default Shell ==
 
/bin/sh is a symlink to /bin/dash, however we need /bin/bash, not /bin/dash. Therefore, we do this:
 
dpkg-reconfigure dash
 
Use dash as the default system shell (/bin/sh)? <-- No
 
If you don't do this, the ISPConfig installation will fail.
 
== 7 Synchronize the System Clock ==
 
It is a good idea to synchronize the system clock with an NTP ('''n'''etwork '''t'''ime '''p'''rotocol) server over the Internet. Simply run
 
apt-get -y install ntp
 
and your system time will always be in sync.
 
== 8 Install Postfix, Dovecot, MariaDB, rkhunter, and Binutils ==
 
We can install Postfix, Dovecot, MariaDB as MySQL alternative, rkhunter, and Binutils with a single command:
 
apt-get -y install postfix postfix-mysql postfix-doc mariadb-client mariadb-server openssl getmail4 rkhunter binutils dovecot-imapd dovecot-pop3d dovecot-mysql dovecot-sieve dovecot-lmtpd&nbsp;sudo
 
You will be asked the following questions:
 
General type of mail configuration: <-- Internet SiteSystem mail name: <-- server1.example.com
 
To secure the MariaDB installation and to disable the test database, run this command:
 
mysql_secure_installation
 
Answer the questions as follows:
 
Change the root password? [Y/n] <-- y
New password: <-- Enter a new&nbsp;MariaDB root password
Re-enter new password: <-- Repeat the MariaDB root password
Remove anonymous users? [Y/n] <-- y
Disallow root login remotely? [Y/n] <-- y
Remove test database and access to it? [Y/n] <-- y
Reload privilege tables now? [Y/n] <-- y
 
Next, open the TLS/SSL and submission ports in Postfix:
 
nano&nbsp;/etc/postfix/master.cf
 
Uncomment the submission and smtps sections as follows and add lines where necessary so that this section of the master.cf file looks exactly like the one below. '''IMPORTANT:''' Remove the # in front of the lines that start with smtps and submission too and not just from the -o lines after these lines!
 
[...]
submission inet n - - - - smtpd
-o syslog_name=postfix/submission
-o smtpd_tls_security_level=encrypt
-o smtpd_sasl_auth_enable=yes
-o smtpd_client_restrictions=permit_sasl_authenticated,reject
<nowiki># -o smtpd_reject_unlisted_recipient=no</nowiki>
<nowiki># -o smtpd_client_restrictions=$mua_client_restrictions</nowiki>
<nowiki># -o smtpd_helo_restrictions=$mua_helo_restrictions</nowiki>
<nowiki># -o smtpd_sender_restrictions=$mua_sender_restrictions</nowiki>
<nowiki># -o smtpd_recipient_restrictions=</nowiki>
<nowiki># -o smtpd_relay_restrictions=permit_sasl_authenticated,reject</nowiki>
<nowiki># -o milter_macro_daemon_name=ORIGINATING</nowiki>
smtps inet n - - - - smtpd
-o syslog_name=postfix/smtps
-o smtpd_tls_wrappermode=yes
-o smtpd_sasl_auth_enable=yes
-o smtpd_client_restrictions=permit_sasl_authenticated,reject
<nowiki># -o smtpd_reject_unlisted_recipient=no</nowiki>
<nowiki># -o smtpd_client_restrictions=$mua_client_restrictions</nowiki>
<nowiki># -o smtpd_helo_restrictions=$mua_helo_restrictions</nowiki>
<nowiki># -o smtpd_sender_restrictions=$mua_sender_restrictions</nowiki>
<nowiki># -o smtpd_recipient_restrictions=</nowiki>
<nowiki># -o smtpd_relay_restrictions=permit_sasl_authenticated,reject</nowiki>
<nowiki># -o milter_macro_daemon_name=ORIGINATING</nowiki>
[...]
 
Restart Postfix afterwards:
 
systemctl restart&nbsp;postfix
 
We want MySQL to listen on all interfaces, not just localhost. Therefore, we edit /etc/mysql/mariadb.conf.d/50-server.cnf and comment out the line bind-address = 127.0.0.1&nbsp;by adding a # in front of it.
 
nano&nbsp;/etc/mysql/mariadb.conf.d/50-server.cnf
[...]
<nowiki># Instead of skip-networking the default is now to listen only on</nowiki>
<nowiki># localhost which is more compatible and is not less secure.</nowiki>
'''<nowiki>#</nowiki>'''bind-address          <nowiki>= 127.0.0.1</nowiki>
[...]
 
Set the password authentication method in MariaDB to native so we can use PHPMyAdmin later to connect as root user:
 
echo "update mysql.user set plugin = 'mysql_native_password' where user='root';" | mysql -u root
 
Edit the file&nbsp;/etc/mysql/debian.cnf and set the MYSQL / MariaDB root password there twice in the rows that start with the word password.
 
nano /etc/mysql/debian.cnf
 
The MySQL root password that needs to be added is shown in red. In this example, the password is "howtoforge".
 
<nowiki># Automatically generated for Debian scripts. DO NOT TOUCH!</nowiki>
[client]
host = localhost
user = root
password =&nbsp;howtoforge
socket = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
[mysql_upgrade]
host = localhost
user = root
password = howtoforge
socket = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
basedir = /usr
 
To prevent the error ''''''Error in accept: Too many open files'''''' we will set higher open file limits for MariaDB now.
 
Open the file /etc/security/limits.conf with an editor:
 
nano /etc/security/limits.conf
 
and add these lines at the end of the file.
 
mysql soft nofile 65535
mysql hard nofile 65535
 
Next, create a new directory&nbsp;/etc/systemd/system/mysql.service.d/ with the mkdir command.
 
mkdir -p&nbsp;/etc/systemd/system/mysql.service.d/
 
and add a new file inside:
 
nano /etc/systemd/system/mysql.service.d/limits.conf
 
paste the following lines into that file:
 
[Service]
LimitNOFILE=infinity
 
Save the file and close the nano editor.
 
Then we reload systemd and restart MariaDB:
 
systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl restart&nbsp;mariadb
 
Now check that networking is enabled. Run
 
netstat -tap | grep mysql
 
The output should look like this:
 
root@server1:/home/administrator# netstat -tap | grep mysql
tcp6 0 0 [::]:mysql [::]:* LISTEN 16623/mysqld
 
== 9 Install Amavisd-new, SpamAssassin, and ClamAV ==
 
To install amavisd-new, SpamAssassin and ClamAV, we run
 
apt-get install amavisd-new spamassassin clamav clamav-daemon unzip bzip2 arj nomarch lzop cabextract&nbsp;p7zip p7zip-full unrar&nbsp;lrzip apt-listchanges libnet-ldap-perl libauthen-sasl-perl clamav-docs daemon libio-string-perl libio-socket-ssl-perl libnet-ident-perl zip libnet-dns-perl&nbsp;libdbd-mysql-perl postgrey
 
The ISPConfig 3 setup uses amavisd which loads the SpamAssassin filter library internally, so we can stop SpamAssassin to free up some RAM:
 
systemctl stop spamassassin
systemctl disable spamassassin
 
== 10 Install Apache Web Server and PHP ==
 
Apache2, PHP, FCGI, suExec, Pear, and mcrypt can be installed as follows:
 
apt-get -y install apache2 apache2-doc apache2-utils libapache2-mod-php&nbsp;php7.3 php7.3-common php7.3-gd php7.3-mysql php7.3-imap php7.3-cli php7.3-cgi libapache2-mod-fcgid apache2-suexec-pristine&nbsp;php-pear mcrypt&nbsp;&nbsp;imagemagick libruby libapache2-mod-python php7.3-curl php7.3-intl php7.3-pspell php7.3-recode php7.3-sqlite3 php7.3-tidy php7.3-xmlrpc php7.3-xsl memcached&nbsp;php-memcache&nbsp;php-imagick&nbsp;php-gettext&nbsp;php7.3-zip&nbsp;php7.3-mbstring&nbsp;memcached&nbsp;libapache2-mod-passenger&nbsp;php7.3-soap&nbsp;php7.3-fpm&nbsp;php7.3-opcache php-apcu
 
Then run the following command to enable the Apache modules suexec, rewrite, ssl, actions, and include (plus dav, dav_fs, and auth_digest if you want to use WebDAV):
 
a2enmod suexec rewrite ssl actions include&nbsp;dav_fs dav auth_digest cgi headers&nbsp;actions proxy_fcgi&nbsp;alias
 
To ensure that the server cannot be attacked through the [https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/httpoxy-protect-your-server/ HTTPOXY vulnerability], we will disable the HTTP_PROXY header in apache globally by adding the configuration file /etc/apache2/conf-available/httpoxy.conf.
 
'''''Note:'''&nbsp;The vulnerability is named httpoxy (without 'r') and therefore the file where we add the config to prevent&nbsp;it is named httpoxy.conf and not httproxy.conf, so there is no 'r' missing in the filename.''
 
nano&nbsp;/etc/apache2/conf-available/httpoxy.conf
 
Paste the following content to the file:
 
<IfModule mod_headers.c>
    RequestHeader unset Proxy early
</IfModule>
 
And enable the module&nbsp;by running:
 
a2enconf httpoxy
systemctl restart&nbsp;apache2
 
== 11 Install Let's Encrypt ==
 
ISPConfig 3.1 has support for the free SSL Certificate authority Let's encrypt. The Let's Encrypt function allows you to create free SSL certificates for your website from within ISPConfig.
 
Now we will add support for Let's encrypt.
 
cd /usr/local/bin
wget https://dl.eff.org/certbot-auto
chmod a+x certbot-auto
./certbot-auto --install-only
 
There are no further steps required than installing LE. The website SSL certificates are created by ISPConfig when you add the web sites.
 
== 12 Install Mailman ==
 
ISPConfig allows you to manage (create/modify/delete) Mailman mailing lists. If you want to make use of this feature, install Mailman as follows:
 
apt-get install mailman
 
Select at least one language, e.g.:
 
Languages to support:&nbsp;<-- en (English)
Missing site list&nbsp;<-- Ok
 
Before we can start Mailman, a first mailing list called mailman must be created:
 
newlist mailman
root@server1:~#&nbsp;newlist&nbsp;mailman
Enter&nbsp;the&nbsp;email&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;person&nbsp;running&nbsp;the&nbsp;list:&nbsp;<--&nbsp;admin&nbsp;email&nbsp;address,&nbsp;e.g.&nbsp;listadmin@example.com
Initial&nbsp;mailman&nbsp;password:&nbsp;<--&nbsp;admin&nbsp;password&nbsp;for&nbsp;the&nbsp;mailman&nbsp;list
To&nbsp;finish&nbsp;creating&nbsp;your&nbsp;mailing&nbsp;list,&nbsp;you&nbsp;must&nbsp;edit&nbsp;your&nbsp;/etc/aliases&nbsp;(or
equivalent)&nbsp;file&nbsp;by&nbsp;adding&nbsp;the&nbsp;following&nbsp;lines,&nbsp;and&nbsp;possibly&nbsp;running&nbsp;the
`newaliases'&nbsp;program:
 
<nowiki>##&nbsp;mailman&nbsp;mailing&nbsp;list</nowiki>
mailman:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"|/var/lib/mailman/mail/mailman&nbsp;post&nbsp;mailman"
mailman-admin:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"|/var/lib/mailman/mail/mailman&nbsp;admin&nbsp;mailman"
mailman-bounces:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"|/var/lib/mailman/mail/mailman&nbsp;bounces&nbsp;mailman"
mailman-confirm:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"|/var/lib/mailman/mail/mailman&nbsp;confirm&nbsp;mailman"
mailman-join:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"|/var/lib/mailman/mail/mailman&nbsp;join&nbsp;mailman"
mailman-leave:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"|/var/lib/mailman/mail/mailman&nbsp;leave&nbsp;mailman"
mailman-owner:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"|/var/lib/mailman/mail/mailman&nbsp;owner&nbsp;mailman"
mailman-request:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"|/var/lib/mailman/mail/mailman&nbsp;request&nbsp;mailman"
mailman-subscribe:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"|/var/lib/mailman/mail/mailman&nbsp;subscribe&nbsp;mailman"
mailman-unsubscribe:&nbsp;&nbsp;"|/var/lib/mailman/mail/mailman&nbsp;unsubscribe&nbsp;mailman"
 
Hit&nbsp;enter&nbsp;to&nbsp;notify&nbsp;mailman&nbsp;owner...&nbsp;<--&nbsp;ENTER
 
root@server1:~#
 
Open /etc/aliases afterwards...
 
nano /etc/aliases
 
... and add the following lines:
 
[...]
<nowiki>## mailman mailing list</nowiki>
mailman:              "|/var/lib/mailman/mail/mailman post mailman"
mailman-admin:        "|/var/lib/mailman/mail/mailman admin mailman"
mailman-bounces:      "|/var/lib/mailman/mail/mailman bounces mailman"
mailman-confirm:      "|/var/lib/mailman/mail/mailman confirm mailman"
mailman-join:        "|/var/lib/mailman/mail/mailman join mailman"
mailman-leave:        "|/var/lib/mailman/mail/mailman leave mailman"
mailman-owner:        "|/var/lib/mailman/mail/mailman owner mailman"
mailman-request:      "|/var/lib/mailman/mail/mailman request mailman"
mailman-subscribe:    "|/var/lib/mailman/mail/mailman subscribe mailman"
mailman-unsubscribe:  "|/var/lib/mailman/mail/mailman unsubscribe mailman"
 
Run:
 
newaliases
 
and restart Postfix:
 
systemctl&nbsp;restart postfix
 
Finally, we must enable the Mailman Apache configuration:
 
ln -s /etc/mailman/apache.conf /etc/apache2/conf-enabled/mailman.conf
 
This defines the alias /cgi-bin/mailman/ for all Apache vhosts, which means you can access the Mailman admin interface for a list at http://server1.example.com/cgi-bin/mailman/admin/, and the web page for users of a mailing list can be found at http://server1.example.com/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/.
 
Under http://server1.example.com/pipermail you can find the mailing list archives.
 
Restart Apache afterwards:
 
systemctl restart&nbsp;apache2
 
Then start the Mailman daemon:
 
systemctl restart&nbsp;mailman
 
== 13 Install PureFTPd and Quota ==
 
PureFTPd and quota can be installed with the following command:
 
apt-get install pure-ftpd-common pure-ftpd-mysql quota quotatool
 
Create the dhparam file for pure-ftpd:
 
openssl dhparam -out /etc/ssl/private/pure-ftpd-dhparams.pem 2048
 
Edit the file /etc/default/pure-ftpd-common...
 
nano /etc/default/pure-ftpd-common
 
... and make sure that the start mode is set to standalone and set VIRTUALCHROOT=true:
 
[...]
STANDALONE_OR_INETD=standalone
[...]
VIRTUALCHROOT=true
[...]
 
Now we configure PureFTPd to allow FTP and TLS sessions. FTP is a very insecure protocol because all passwords and all data are transferred in clear text. By using TLS, the whole communication can be encrypted, thus making FTP much more secure.
 
If you want to allow FTP and TLS sessions, run
 
echo 1 > /etc/pure-ftpd/conf/TLS
 
In order to use TLS, we must create an SSL certificate. I create it in /etc/ssl/private/, therefore I create that directory first:
 
mkdir -p /etc/ssl/private/
 
Afterwards, we can generate the SSL certificate as follows:
 
openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 7300 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout /etc/ssl/private/pure-ftpd.pem -out /etc/ssl/private/pure-ftpd.pem
Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]: <-- Enter your Country Name (e.g., "DE").
State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]: <-- Enter your State or Province Name.
Locality Name (eg, city) []: <-- Enter your City.
Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]: <-- Enter your Organization Name (e.g., the name of your company).
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []: <-- Enter your Organizational Unit Name (e.g. "IT Department").
Common Name (eg, YOUR name) []: <-- Enter the Fully Qualified Domain Name of the system (e.g. "server1.example.com").
Email Address []:&nbsp;<-- Enter your Email Address.
 
Change the permissions of the SSL certificate:
 
chmod 600 /etc/ssl/private/pure-ftpd.pem
 
Then restart PureFTPd:
 
systemctl restart&nbsp;pure-ftpd-mysql
 
Edit /etc/fstab. Mine looks like this (I added ,usrjquota=quota.user,grpjquota=quota.group,jqfmt=vfsv0 to the partition with the mount point /):
 
nano /etc/fstab
<nowiki># /etc/fstab: static file system information.</nowiki>
<nowiki>#</nowiki>
<nowiki># Use 'blkid' to print the universally unique identifier for a</nowiki>
<nowiki># device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices</nowiki>
<nowiki># that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5).</nowiki>
<nowiki>#</nowiki>
<nowiki># <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass></nowiki>
<nowiki># / was on /dev/sda1 during installation</nowiki>
UUID=45576b38-39e8-4994-b8c1-ea4870e2e614 / ext4 errors=remount-ro,usrjquota=quota.user,grpjquota=quota.group,jqfmt=vfsv0 0 1
<nowiki># swap was on /dev/sda5 during installation</nowiki>
UUID=8bea0d1e-ec37-4b20-9976-4b7daaa3eb69 none swap sw 0 0
/dev/sr0 /media/cdrom0 udf,iso9660 user,noauto 0 0
 
To enable quota, run these commands:
 
mount -o remount /
quotacheck -avugm
quotaon -avug
 
== 14 Install BIND DNS Server ==
 
BIND can be installed as follows:
 
apt-get install bind9 dnsutils
 
&nbsp;If your server is a virtual machine, then it is highly recommended to install the haveged daemon to get a higher entropy for DNSSEC&nbsp;signing. You can install haveged on nonvirtual servers as well, it should not hurt.
 
apt-get install&nbsp;haveged
 
An explanation on that topic&nbsp;can be found [https://git.ispconfig.org/ispconfig/ispconfig3/merge_requests/313#note_54975 here].
 
== 15 Install Webalizer and AWStats ==
 
Webalizer and AWStats can be installed as follows:
 
apt-get install webalizer awstats geoip-database libclass-dbi-mysql-perl&nbsp;libtimedate-perl
 
Open /etc/cron.d/awstats afterwards...
 
nano /etc/cron.d/awstats
 
... and comment out everything in that file:
 
<nowiki>#MAILTO=root</nowiki>
 
<nowiki>#*/10 * * * * www-data [ -x /usr/share/awstats/tools/update.sh ] && /usr/share/awstats/tools/update.sh</nowiki>
 
<nowiki># Generate static reports:</nowiki>
<nowiki>#10 03 * * * www-data [ -x /usr/share/awstats/tools/buildstatic.sh ] && /usr/share/awstats/tools/buildstatic.sh</nowiki>
 
== 16 Install Jailkit ==
 
Jailkit is needed only if you want to chroot SSH users. It can be installed as follows:
 
apt-get install build-essential autoconf automake libtool flex bison debhelper binutils
cd /tmp
wget http://olivier.sessink.nl/jailkit/jailkit-2.20.tar.gz
tar xvfz jailkit-2.20.tar.gz
cd jailkit-2.20
echo 5 > debian/compat
./debian/rules binary
 
You can now install the Jailkit .deb package as follows:
 
cd ..
dpkg -i jailkit_2.20-1_*.deb
rm -rf jailkit-2.20*
 
== 17 Install fail2ban and UFW Firewall ==
 
This is optional but recommended, because the ISPConfig monitor tries to show the log:
 
apt-get install fail2ban
 
To make fail2ban monitor PureFTPd and Dovecot, create the file /etc/fail2ban/jail.local:
 
nano /etc/fail2ban/jail.local
 
And add the following configuration to it.
 
[pure-ftpd]
enabled = true
port = ftp
filter = pure-ftpd
logpath = /var/log/syslog
maxretry = 3
[dovecot]
enabled = true
filter = dovecot
logpath = /var/log/mail.log
maxretry = 5
[postfix-sasl]
enabled = true
port = smtp
filter = postfix[mode=auth]
logpath = /var/log/mail.log
maxretry = 3
 
Restart fail2ban afterwards:
 
systemctl restart&nbsp;fail2ban
 
To install the UFW firewall, run this apt command:
 
apt-get install ufw
 
== 18 Install PHPMyAdmin Database Administration Tool ==
 
Since Debian 10, PHPMyAdmin is not available as .deb package anymore. Therefore we will install it from source.
 
Create folders for PHPMyadmin:
 
mkdir /usr/share/phpmyadmin
mkdir /etc/phpmyadmin
mkdir -p /var/lib/phpmyadmin/tmp
chown -R www-data:www-data&nbsp;/var/lib/phpmyadmin
touch&nbsp;/etc/phpmyadmin/htpasswd.setup
 
Go to the /tmp directory and download the PHPMyAdmin sources:
 
cd /tmp
wget&nbsp;https://files.phpmyadmin.net/phpMyAdmin/4.9.0.1/phpMyAdmin-4.9.0.1-all-languages.tar.gz
 
Unpack the downloaded archive file and move the files to the /usr/share/phpmyadmin folder and clean up the /tmp directory.
 
tar xfz&nbsp;phpMyAdmin-4.9.0.1-all-languages.tar.gz
mv&nbsp;phpMyAdmin-4.9.0.1-all-languages/* /usr/share/phpmyadmin/
rm&nbsp;phpMyAdmin-4.9.0.1-all-languages.tar.gz
rm -rf&nbsp;phpMyAdmin-4.9.0.1-all-languages
 
Create a new config file for PHPMyaAdmin based on the provided sample file:
 
cp /usr/share/phpmyadmin/config.sample.inc.php&nbsp; /usr/share/phpmyadmin/config.inc.php
 
Open the config file with nano editor:
 
nano&nbsp;/usr/share/phpmyadmin/config.inc.php
 
Set a secure password (blowfish secret) which must be 32 chars long:
 
$cfg['blowfish_secret'] = 'bD3e6wva9fnd93jVsb7SDgeiBCd452Dh'; /* YOU MUST FILL IN THIS FOR COOKIE AUTH! */
 
Don't use my example blowfish secret, set your own one!
 
Then add a line to set the directory which PHPMyAdmin shall use to store temporary files:
 
$cfg['TempDir'] = '/var/lib/phpmyadmin/tmp';
 
Next, we create the Apache configuration file for PHPMyAdmin by opening a new file in nano editor:
 
nano&nbsp;/etc/apache2/conf-available/phpmyadmin.conf
 
Paste the following config into the file and save it.
 
<nowiki># phpMyAdmin default Apache configuration</nowiki>
Alias /phpmyadmin /usr/share/phpmyadmin
<Directory /usr/share/phpmyadmin>
Options FollowSymLinks
DirectoryIndex index.php
<IfModule mod_php7.c>
AddType application/x-httpd-php .php
php_flag magic_quotes_gpc Off
php_flag track_vars On
php_flag register_globals Off
php_value include_path .
</IfModule>
</Directory>
<nowiki># Authorize for setup</nowiki>
<Directory /usr/share/phpmyadmin/setup>
<IfModule mod_authn_file.c>
AuthType Basic
AuthName "phpMyAdmin Setup"
AuthUserFile /etc/phpmyadmin/htpasswd.setup
</IfModule>
Require valid-user
</Directory>
<nowiki># Disallow web access to directories that don't need it</nowiki>
<Directory /usr/share/phpmyadmin/libraries>
Order Deny,Allow
Deny from All
</Directory>
<Directory /usr/share/phpmyadmin/setup/lib>
Order Deny,Allow
Deny from All
</Directory>
 
Activate the configuration and restart Apache.
 
a2enconf phpmyadmin
systemctl restart apache2
 
In the next step, we will configure the phpMyadmin configuration store (database).
 
Log into&nbsp;MariaDB as root user:
 
mysql -u root -p
 
In the&nbsp;MariaDB shell, create a new database for PHPMyAdmin:
 
MariaDB [(none)]> CREATE DATABASE phpmyadmin;
 
Then create a new user:
 
MariaDB [(none)]> CREATE USER 'pma'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'mypassword';
 
Replace the word ''mypassword'' with a secure password of your choice in the commands above and below, use the same password both times. Then grant the user access to this database and reload database permissions.
 
MariaDB [(none)]> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON phpmyadmin.* TO 'pma'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'mypassword' WITH GRANT OPTION;
MariaDB [(none)]> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
MariaDB [(none)]> EXIT;
 
Finally, load the SQL tables into the database:
 
mysql -u root -p phpmyadmin < /usr/share/phpmyadmin/sql/create_tables.sql
 
Enter the MariaDB root password on request.
 
All we have to do now is to set the phpmyadmin user details in the configuration file. Open the file in nano editor again:
 
nano /usr/share/phpmyadmin/config.inc.php
 
Scroll down until you see the lines below and edit them:
 
/* User used to manipulate with storage */
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['controlhost'] = 'localhost';
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['controlport'] = '';
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['controluser'] = 'pma';
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['controlpass'] = 'mypassword';
/* Storage database and tables */
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['pmadb'] = 'phpmyadmin';
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['bookmarktable'] = 'pma__bookmark';
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['relation'] = 'pma__relation';
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['table_info'] = 'pma__table_info';
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['table_coords'] = 'pma__table_coords';
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['pdf_pages'] = 'pma__pdf_pages';
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['column_info'] = 'pma__column_info';
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['history'] = 'pma__history';
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['table_uiprefs'] = 'pma__table_uiprefs';
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['tracking'] = 'pma__tracking';
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['userconfig'] = 'pma__userconfig';
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['recent'] = 'pma__recent';
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['favorite'] = 'pma__favorite';
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['users'] = 'pma__users';
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['usergroups'] = 'pma__usergroups';
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['navigationhiding'] = 'pma__navigationhiding';
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['savedsearches'] = 'pma__savedsearches';
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['central_columns'] = 'pma__central_columns';
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['designer_settings'] = 'pma__designer_settings';
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['export_templates'] = 'pma__export_templates';
 
I've marked the lines in red which I've edited. Replace ''mypassword'' with the password that you've chosen for the phpmyadmin user. Note that the // in front of the lines have been removed as well!
 
== 19 Install RoundCube Webmail (optional) ==
 
In this chapter, we will install the RoundCube webmail client. First, we have to create the database for Roundcube manually as there is currently an issue in the RoundCube Debian installer which causes it to fail to create the database automatically. Run this command to create the database:
 
echo "CREATE DATABASE roundcube;" | mysql --defaults-file=/etc/mysql/debian.cnf
 
Then install RoundCube with this command:
 
apt-get install roundcube roundcube-core roundcube-mysql roundcube-plugins
 
The installer will ask the following questions:
 
Configure database for roundcube with dbconfig.common? <-- yes
MySQL application password for roundcube: <-- press enter
 
Then edit the RoundCube&nbsp;/etc/roundcube/config.inc.php file and adjust a few settings:
 
nano&nbsp;/etc/roundcube/config.inc.php
 
Set the default_host and smtp_server to localhost.
 
$config['default_host'] = 'localhost';
$config['smtp_server'] = 'localhost';
 
Then edit the Apache roundcube configuration file&nbsp;/etc/apache2/conf-enabled/roundcube.conf:
 
nano&nbsp;/etc/apache2/conf-enabled/roundcube.conf
 
And add an alias line for the apache /webmail alias and one for /roundcube, you can add the line right at the beginning of the file. NOTE: Do not use /mail as alias or the ispconfig email module will stop working!
 
Alias /roundcube /var/lib/roundcube
Alias /webmail /var/lib/roundcube
 
Then reload Apache:
 
systemctl reload&nbsp;apache2
 
Now you can access RoundCube&nbsp;as follows:
 
http://192.168.0.100/webmailhttp://www.example.com/webmailhttp://server1.example.com:8080/webmail (after you have installed ISPConfig, see the next chapter)
 
[[Image:Bild2.png|top]]
 
== 20 Download ISPConfig 3 ==
 
=== 20.1 Download the stable release (recommended) ===
 
To install ISPConfig 3 from the latest released version, do this:
 
cd /tmp
wget http://www.ispconfig.org/downloads/ISPConfig-3-stable.tar.gz
tar xfz ISPConfig-3-stable.tar.gz
cd ispconfig3_install/install/
 
=== 20.2 Download a pre-release version of the next 3.1 release ===
 
If you like to try out the pre-release of an upcoming 3.1 stable version, download it with this command. This stable branch versions are the last stable release plus the changes for the next stable version:
 
cd /tmp
wget -O ISPConfig-3.1-dev.tar.gz&nbsp;&nbsp;https://git.ispconfig.org/ispconfig/ispconfig3/repository/archive.tar.gz?ref=stable-3.1
tar xfz ISPConfig-3.1-dev.tar.gz
cd ispconfig3-stable-3.1*
cd install
 
== 21 Install ISPConfig ==
 
The next step is to run the ISPConfig installer.
 
php -q install.php
 
This will start the ISPConfig 3 installer. The installer will configure all services like Postfix, Dovecot, etc. for you. A manual setup as required for ISPConfig 2 (perfect setup guides) is not necessary.
 
<nowiki># php -q install.php</nowiki>
<nowiki>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------</nowiki>
_____ ___________ _____ __ _ ____
|_ _/ ___| ___ \ / __ \ / _(_) /__ \
| | \ `--.| |_/ / | / \/ ___ _ __ | |_ _ __ _ _/ /
| | `--. \ __/ | | / _ \| '_ \| _| |/ _` | |_ |
_| |_/\__/ / | | \__/\ (_) | | | | | | | (_| | ___\ \
\___/\____/\_| \____/\___/|_| |_|_| |_|\__, | \____/
__/ |
|___/
<nowiki>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------</nowiki>
>> Initial configuration
Operating System: Debian 10.0 (Buster) or compatible
Following will be a few questions for primary configuration so be careful.
Default values are in [brackets] and can be accepted with <ENTER>.
Tap in "quit" (without the quotes) to stop the installer.
Select language (en,de) [en]: <-- Hit Enter
Installation mode (standard,expert) [standard]:&nbsp;<-- Hit Enter
Full qualified hostname (FQDN) of the server, eg server1.domain.tld [server1.example.com]:&nbsp;<-- Hit Enter
MySQL server hostname [localhost]:&nbsp;<-- Hit Enter
MySQL server port [3306]:&nbsp;<-- Hit Enter
MySQL root username [root]:&nbsp;<-- Hit Enter
MySQL root password []:&nbsp;<-- Enter your MySQL root password
MySQL database to create [dbispconfig]:&nbsp;<-- Hit Enter
MySQL charset [utf8]:&nbsp;<-- Hit Enter
Configuring Postgrey
Configuring Postfix
Generating a 4096 bit RSA private key
.......................................................................++
........................................................................................................................................++
writing new private key to 'smtpd.key'
<nowiki>-----</nowiki>
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
<nowiki>-----</nowiki>
Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]: <-- Enter 2 letter country code
State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]: <-- Enter the name of the &nbsp;state
Locality Name (eg, city) []: <-- Enter your city
Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]: <-- Enter company name or press enter
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:&nbsp;<-- Hit Enter
Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []: <-- Enter the server hostname, in my case: server1.example.com
Email Address []:&nbsp;<-- Hit Enter
Configuring Mailman
Configuring Dovecot
Configuring Spamassassin
Configuring Amavisd
Configuring Getmail
Configuring BIND
Configuring Jailkit
Configuring Pureftpd
Configuring Apache
Configuring vlogger
[INFO] service&nbsp;Metronome XMPP Server not detected
Configuring Ubuntu Firewall
Configuring Fail2ban
[INFO] service OpenVZ not detected
Configuring Apps vhost
Installing ISPConfig
ISPConfig Port [8080]:
Admin password [admin]:
Do you want a secure (SSL) connection to the ISPConfig web interface (y,n) [y]:&nbsp;<-- Hit Enter
Generating RSA private key, 4096 bit long modulus
.......................++
................................................................................................................................++
e is 65537 (0x10001)
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
<nowiki>-----</nowiki>
Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:&nbsp;<-- Enter 2 letter country code
State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:&nbsp;<-- Enter the name of the &nbsp;state
Locality Name (eg, city) []:&nbsp;<-- Enter your city
Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:&nbsp;<-- Enter company name or press enter
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:&nbsp;<-- Hit Enter
Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []:&nbsp;<-- Enter the server hostname, in my case: server1.example.com
Email Address []:&nbsp;<-- Hit Enter
Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:&nbsp;<-- Hit Enter
An optional company name []:&nbsp;<-- Hit Enter
writing RSA key
Configuring DBServer
Installing ISPConfig crontab
no crontab for root
no crontab for getmail
Detect IP addresses
Restarting services ...
Installation completed.
 
The installer automatically configures all underlying services, so no manual configuration is needed.
 
Afterwards you can access ISPConfig 3 under http(s)://server1.example.com:8080/ or http(s)://192.168.0.100:8080/ ( http or https depends on what you chose during installation). Log in with the username admin and the password admin (you should change the default password after your first login):
 
[[Image:Bild3.png|top|alt="ISPConfig Login on Debian 10"]]
 
[[Image:Bild4.png|top|alt="ISPConfig Dashboard on Debian 10"]]
 
The system is now ready to be used.
 
=== 21.1 ISPConfig 3 Manual ===
 
In order to learn how to use ISPConfig 3, I strongly recommend downloading&nbsp;[https://www.howtoforge.com/download-the-ispconfig-3-manual the ISPConfig 3 Manual].
 
On more than 300 pages, it covers the concept behind ISPConfig (admin, resellers, clients), explains how to install and update ISPConfig 3, includes a reference for all forms and form fields in ISPConfig together with examples of valid inputs, and provides tutorials for the most common tasks in ISPConfig 3. It also lines out how to make your server more secure and comes with a troubleshooting section at the end.
 
== 22 Virtual Machine Image Download of this Tutorial ==
 
This tutorial is available as ready to use virtual machine image in ovf/ova format that is compatible with VMWare and Virtualbox. The virtual machine image uses the following login details:
 
'''SSH / Shell Login'''
 
Username: administratorPassword: howtoforge
 
Username:&nbsp;rootPassword: howtoforge
 
'''ISPConfig Login'''
 
Username: adminPassword:&nbsp;admin
 
'''MySQL Login'''
 
Username: rootPassword: howtoforge
 
The IP of the VM is 192.168.0.100, it can be changed in the file /etc/network/interfaces. Please change all the above passwords to secure the virtual machine.&nbsp;
 
== 23 Links ==
 
* Debian: [http://www.debian.org/ http://www.debian.org/]
* ISPConfig: [http://www.ispconfig.org/ http://www.ispconfig.org/]

Aktuelle Version vom 28. Mai 2023, 07:47 Uhr

Debian-Server-Installation

  • mit Apache2, BIND, Dovecot
  • ISPConfig installieren

Mit dem Webhosting-Kontrollpanel ISPConfig können Sie die folgenden Dienste über einen Webbrowser konfigurieren: Apache oder nginx Webserver, Postfix Mailserver, Courier oder Dovecot IMAP/POP3 Server, MySQL, BIND oder MyDNS Nameserver, PureFTPd, SpamAssassin, ClamAV, und viele mehr.

Dieses Setup umfasst Apache (anstelle von nginx), BIND und Dovecot.

Vorbemerkung

In diesem Tutorial werde ich den Hostnamen server1 verwenden.

  • example.com mit der IP-Adresse 192.168.0.100 und dem Gateway 192.168.0.1.
  • Diese Einstellungen können bei Ihnen abweichen, so dass Sie sie gegebenenfalls ersetzen müssen.
  • Bevor Sie fortfahren, benötigen Sie eine Minimalinstallation von Debian 10.
  • Dies kann ein Debian-Minimal-Image von Ihrem Hosting-Anbieter sein oder Sie verwenden das Minimal Debian Server Tutorial, um das Basissystem einzurichten.
  • Alle folgenden Befehle werden als root-Benutzer ausgeführt.
  • Melden Sie sich entweder direkt als root-Benutzer an oder melden Sie sich als normaler Benutzer an und verwenden Sie dann den Befehl
$ su -

um root-Benutzer auf Ihrem Server zu werden, bevor Sie fortfahren.

WICHTIG: Sie müssen 'su -' und nicht nur 'su' verwenden, sonst ist Ihre PATH-Variable falsch gesetzt.

SSH-Server

Wenn Sie den OpenSSH-Server nicht während der Systeminstallation installiert haben, können Sie dies jetzt nachholen: 

# apt install ssh openssh-server

Von nun an können Sie einen SSH-Client wie z. B. PuTTY verwenden und sich von Ihrer Workstation aus mit Ihrem Debian 9 Server verbinden und die restlichen Schritte aus diesem Tutorial ausführen.

Texteditor

# apt install vim

Konfigurieren Sie den Hostnamen

Der Hostname Ihres Servers sollte eine Subdomain wie "server1.example.com" sein. Verwenden Sie keinen Domainnamen ohne Subdomain-Teil wie "example.com" als Hostname, da dies später zu Problemen bei der Mail-Einrichtung führen kann. Als erstes sollten Sie den Hostnamen in /etc/hosts überprüfen und ihn gegebenenfalls ändern. Die Zeile sollte lauten: "IP-Adresse - Leerzeichen - vollständiger Hostname inkl. Domain - Leerzeichen - Subdomain-Teil". Für unseren Hostnamen server1.example.com sollte die Datei wie folgt aussehen: 

# vi /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost
192.168.0.100 server1.beispiel.com server1

# Die folgenden Zeilen sind für IPv6-fähige Hosts erwünscht
::1 localhost ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
ff02::1 ip6-allnodes
ff02::2 ip6-allrouters

Bearbeiten Sie dann die Datei /etc/hostname: 

# vi /etc/hostname

Sie soll nur den Teil mit der Subdomain enthalten, in unserem Fall: 

server1

Starten Sie schließlich den Server neu, um die Änderung zu übernehmen: 

# systemctl reboot

Melden Sie sich erneut an und überprüfen Sie mit diesen Befehlen, ob der Hostname jetzt korrekt ist: 

# hostname
# hostname -f

Die Ausgabe sollte wie folgt aussehen: 

# root@server1:/tmp# hostname
server1
# root@server1:/tmp# hostname -f
server1.example.com

Installation aktualisieren

Stellen Sie zunächst sicher, dass Ihre /etc/apt/sources.list das Repository buster/updates enthält (dies stellt sicher, dass Sie immer die neuesten Sicherheitsupdates erhalten), und dass die Repositories contrib und non-free aktiviert sind, da einige benötigte Pakete nicht im Hauptrepository enthalten sind. 

# vi /etc/apt/sources.list
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian/ buster main contrib non-free
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian/ buster main contrib non-free
deb http://security.debian.org/debian-security buster/updates hauptbeitrag unfrei
deb-src http://security.debian.org/debian-security buster/updates main contrib non-free

Ausführen: 

# apt update

Um die apt-Paketdatenbank zu aktualisieren 

# apt upgrade

und um die letzten Aktualisierungen zu installieren (falls es welche gibt).

Ändern der Standard-Shell

/bin/sh ist ein Symlink zu /bin/dash, aber wir brauchen /bin/bash, nicht /bin/dash. Deshalb machen wir dies: 

# dpkg-reconfigure dash
Dash als Standard-System-Shell (/bin/sh) verwenden? <-- Nein

Wenn Sie dies nicht tun, wird die ISPConfig-Installation fehlschlagen.

Synchronisieren der Systemuhr

Es ist eine gute Idee, die Systemuhr mit einem NTP (network time protocol) Server über das Internet zu synchronisieren. Führen Sie einfach aus 

# apt install ntp

und Ihre Systemzeit wird immer synchron sein.

Abgerufen von „https://wiki.foxtom.de/index.php?title=ISPConfig/Installation/Basis&oldid=70986“