Tree: Unterschied zwischen den Versionen

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= Beschreibung =
= Beschreibung =
Tree is a recursive directory listing program that produces a depth indented listing of files,
Tree is a recursive directory listing program that produces a depth indented listing of files, which is colorized ala dircolors if the LS_COLORS environment variable is set and output is to tty.  With no arguments, tree lists the files in the current directory.  When directory arguments are given, tree lists all the files and/or directories found in  the  given  directories each  in turn.  Upon completion of listing all files/directories found, tree returns the total number of files and/or directories listed.
which is colorized ala dircolors if the LS_COLORS environment variable is set and output is to
tty.  With no arguments, tree lists the files in the current directory.  When directory argu‐
ments are given, tree lists all the files and/or directories found in  the  given  directories
each  in turn.  Upon completion of listing all files/directories found, tree returns the total
number of files and/or directories listed.


By default, when a symbolic link is encountered, the path that the symbolic link refers to  is
By default, when a symbolic link is encountered, the path that the symbolic link refers to  is printed after the name of the link in the format:
printed after the name of the link in the format:
name -> real-path


    name -> real-path
If  the  `-l'  option  is given and the symbolic link refers to an actual directory, then tree will follow the path of the symbolic link as if it were a real directory.
 
If  the  `-l'  option  is given and the symbolic link refers to an actual directory, then tree
will follow the path of the symbolic link as if it were a real directory.


= Installation =
= Installation =
# '''apt install tree'''
# '''apt install tree'''


= Syntax =
= Syntax =
tree [-acdfghilnpqrstuvxACDFJQNSUX] [-L level [-R]] [-H baseHREF] [-T title] [-o filename] [-P
tree [-acdfghilnpqrstuvxACDFJQNSUX] [-L level [-R]] [-H baseHREF] [-T title] [-o filename] [-P pattern] [-I pattern] [--gitignore] [--matchdirs]  [--metafirst]  [--ignore-case]  [--nolinks] [--inodes]  [--device]  [--sort[=]name]  [--dirsfirst]  [--filesfirst]  [--filelimit #] [--si] [--du] [--prune] [--timefmt[=]format] [--fromfile] [--info] [--noreport] [--version]  [--help] [--] [directory ...]
pattern] [-I pattern] [--gitignore] [--matchdirs]  [--metafirst]  [--ignore-case]  [--nolinks]
[--inodes]  [--device]  [--sort[=]name]  [--dirsfirst]  [--filesfirst]  [--filelimit #] [--si]
[--du] [--prune] [--timefmt[=]format] [--fromfile] [--info] [--noreport] [--version]  [--help]
[--] [directory ...]


= Syntax =
= Syntax =
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== Optionen ==
== Optionen ==
=== LISTING OPTIONS ===
=== LISTING OPTIONS ===
-a    All files are printed.  By default tree does not print hidden  files  (those  beginning
-a    All files are printed.  By default tree does not print hidden  files  (those  beginning with  a  dot `.').  In no event does tree print the file system constructs `.' (current directory) and `..' (previous directory).
        with  a  dot `.').  In no event does tree print the file system constructs `.' (current
        directory) and `..' (previous directory).


-d    List directories only.
-d    List directories only.


-l    Follows symbolic links if they point to directories, as if they were directories.  Sym‐
-l    Follows symbolic links if they point to directories, as if they were directories.  Symbolic links that will result in recursion are avoided when detected.
        bolic links that will result in recursion are avoided when detected.


-f    Prints the full path prefix for each file.
-f    Prints the full path prefix for each file.


-x    Stay on the current file-system only.  Ala find -xdev.
-x    Stay on the current file-system only.  Ala find -xdev.


-L level
-L level
        Max display depth of the directory tree.
      Max display depth of the directory tree.


-R    Recursively  cross down the tree each level directories (see -L option), and at each of
-R    Recursively  cross down the tree each level directories (see -L option), and at each of them execute tree again adding `-o 00Tree.html' as a new option.
        them execute tree again adding `-o 00Tree.html' as a new option.


-P pattern
-P pattern
        List only those files that match the wild-card pattern.  You may have multiple  -P  op‐
      List only those files that match the wild-card pattern.  You may have multiple  -P  options.  Note:  you must use the -a option to also consider those files beginning with a dot `.' for matching.  Valid wildcard operators are `*' (any zero or more  characters), `**` (any zero or more characters as well as null /'s, i.e. /**/ may match a single /), `?' (any single character), `[...]' (any single character listed between brackets  (optional -  (dash) for character range may be used: ex: [A-Z]), and `[^...]' (any single character not listed in brackets) and `|' separates alternate patterns. A  '/'  at  the end of the pattern matches directories, but not files.
        tions.  Note:  you must use the -a option to also consider those files beginning with a
        dot `.' for matching.  Valid wildcard operators are `*' (any zero or more  characters),
        `**` (any zero or more characters as well as null /'s, i.e. /**/ may match a single /),
        `?' (any single character), `[...]' (any single character listed between brackets  (op‐
        tional -  (dash) for character range may be used: ex: [A-Z]), and `[^...]' (any single
        character not listed in brackets) and `|' separates alternate patterns. A  '/'  at  the
        end of the pattern matches directories, but not files.


-I pattern
-I pattern
        Do not list those files that match the wild-card pattern.  You may have multiple -I op‐
      Do not list those files that match the wild-card pattern.  You may have multiple -I options.  See -P above for information on wildcard patterns.
        tions.  See -P above for information on wildcard patterns.


--gitignore
--gitignore
        Uses  git  .gitignore  files  for  filtering  files  and  directories.    Also  uses
      Uses  git  .gitignore  files  for  filtering  files  and  directories.    Also  uses $GIT_DIR/info/exclude if present.
        $GIT_DIR/info/exclude if present.


--ignore-case
--ignore-case
        If  a match pattern is specified by the -P or -I option, this will cause the pattern to
      If  a match pattern is specified by the -P or -I option, this will cause the pattern to match without regards to the case of each letter.
        match without regards to the case of each letter.


--matchdirs
--matchdirs
        If a match pattern is specified by the -P option, this will cause the pattern to be ap‐
      If a match pattern is specified by the -P option, this will cause the pattern to be applied to  directory  names (in addition to filenames).  In the event of a match on the directory name, matching is disabled for the directory's contents. If the  --prune  op‐
        plied to  directory  names (in addition to filenames).  In the event of a match on the
      tion is used, empty folders that match the pattern will not be pruned.
        directory name, matching is disabled for the directory's contents. If the  --prune  op‐
        tion is used, empty folders that match the pattern will not be pruned.


--metafirst
--metafirst
        Print  the meta-data information at the beginning of the line rather than after the in‐
      Print  the meta-data information at the beginning of the line rather than after the indentation lines.
        dentation lines.


--prune
--prune
        Makes tree prune empty directories from the output, useful  when  used  in  conjunction
      Makes tree prune empty directories from the output, useful  when  used  in  conjunction with -P or -I.  See BUGS AND NOTES below for more information on this option.
        with -P or -I.  See BUGS AND NOTES below for more information on this option.


--info Prints  file comments found in .info files.  See .INFO FILES below for more information
--info Prints  file comments found in .info files.  See .INFO FILES below for more information on the format of .info files.
        on the format of .info files.


--noreport
--noreport Omits printing of the file and directory report at the end of the tree listing.
        Omits printing of the file and directory report at the end of the tree listing.


--charset charset
--charset charset Set the character set to use when outputting HTML and for line drawing.
        Set the character set to use when outputting HTML and for line drawing.


--filelimit #
--filelimit # Do not descend directories that contain more than # entries.
        Do not descend directories that contain more than # entries.


--timefmt format
--timefmt format Prints (implies -D) and formats the date according to the format string which uses  the strftime(3) syntax.
        Prints (implies -D) and formats the date according to the format string which uses  the
        strftime(3) syntax.


-o filename
-o filename Send output to filename.
        Send output to filename.


=== FILE OPTIONS ===
=== FILE OPTIONS ===
-q    Print non-printable characters in filenames as question marks instead of the default.
-q    Print non-printable characters in filenames as question marks instead of the default.


-N    Print non-printable characters as is instead of as escaped octal numbers.
-N    Print non-printable characters as is instead of as escaped octal numbers.


-Q    Quote the names of files in double quotes.
-Q    Quote the names of files in double quotes.


-p    Print the file type and permissions for each file (as per ls -l).
-p    Print the file type and permissions for each file (as per ls -l).


-u    Print the username, or UID # if no username is available, of the file.
-u    Print the username, or UID # if no username is available, of the file.


-g    Print the group name, or GID # if no group name is available, of the file.
-g    Print the group name, or GID # if no group name is available, of the file.


-s    Print the size of each file in bytes along with the name.
-s    Print the size of each file in bytes along with the name.


-h    Print  the  size  of  each file but in a more human readable way, e.g. appending a size
-h    Print  the  size  of  each file but in a more human readable way, e.g. appending a size letter for kilobytes (K), megabytes (M), gigabytes (G), terabytes  (T),  petabytes  (P) and exabytes (E).
        letter for kilobytes (K), megabytes (M), gigabytes (G), terabytes  (T),  petabytes  (P)
        and exabytes (E).


--si  Like -h but use SI units (powers of 1000) instead.
--si  Like -h but use SI units (powers of 1000) instead.


--du  For  each  directory  report its size as the accumulation of sizes of all its files and
--du  For  each  directory  report its size as the accumulation of sizes of all its files and sub-directories (and their files, and so on).  The total amount of used space  is  also given in the final report (like the 'du -c' command.) This option requires tree to read the entire directory tree before emitting it, see BUGS AND NOTES below.  Implies -s.
        sub-directories (and their files, and so on).  The total amount of used space  is  also
        given in the final report (like the 'du -c' command.) This option requires tree to read
        the entire directory tree before emitting it, see BUGS AND NOTES below.  Implies -s.


-D    Print the date of the last modification time or if -c is used, the last  status  change
-D    Print the date of the last modification time or if -c is used, the last  status  change time for the file listed.
        time for the file listed.


-F    Append a `/' for directories, a `=' for socket files, a `*' for executable files, a `>'
-F    Append a `/' for directories, a `=' for socket files, a `*' for executable files, a `>' for doors (Solaris) and a `|' for FIFO's, as per ls -F
        for doors (Solaris) and a `|' for FIFO's, as per ls -F


--inodes
--inodes Prints the inode number of the file or directory
        Prints the inode number of the file or directory


--device
--device Prints the device number to which the file or directory belongs
        Prints the device number to which the file or directory belongs


=== SORTING OPTIONS ===
=== SORTING OPTIONS ===
-v    Sort the output by version.
-v    Sort the output by version.


-t    Sort the output by last modification time instead of alphabetically.
-t    Sort the output by last modification time instead of alphabetically.


-c    Sort the output by last status change instead of alphabetically.  Modifies the  -D  op‐
-c    Sort the output by last status change instead of alphabetically.  Modifies the  -D  option (if used) to print the last status change instead of modification time.
        tion (if used) to print the last status change instead of modification time.


-U    Do not sort.  Lists files in directory order. Disables --dirsfirst.
-U    Do not sort.  Lists files in directory order. Disables --dirsfirst.


-r    Sort  the  output  in  reverse  order.  This is a meta-sort that alter the above sorts.
-r    Sort  the  output  in  reverse  order.  This is a meta-sort that alter the above sorts. This option is disabled when -U is used.
        This option is disabled when -U is used.


--dirsfirst
--dirsfirst List directories before files. This is a meta-sort that alters the above  sorts.  This option is disabled when -U is used.
        List directories before files. This is a meta-sort that alters the above  sorts.  This
        option is disabled when -U is used.


--filesfirst
--filesfirst List  files  before directories. This is a meta-sort that alters the above sorts.  This option is disabled when -U is used.
        List  files  before directories. This is a meta-sort that alters the above sorts.  This
        option is disabled when -U is used.


--sort[=]type
--sort[=]type Sort the output by type instead of name. Possible values are: ctime (-c),  mtime  (-t),
        Sort the output by type instead of name. Possible values are: ctime (-c),  mtime  (-t),
      size, or version (-v).
        size, or version (-v).


=== GRAPHICS OPTIONS ===
=== GRAPHICS OPTIONS ===
-i    Makes tree not print the indentation lines, useful when used in conjunction with the -f
-i    Makes tree not print the indentation lines, useful when used in conjunction with the -f
        option.  Also removes as much whitespace as possible when used with the -J  or  -x  op‐
      option.  Also removes as much whitespace as possible when used with the -J  or  -x  op‐
        tions.
      tions.


-A    Turn on ANSI line graphics hack when printing the indentation lines.
-A    Turn on ANSI line graphics hack when printing the indentation lines.


-S    Turn  on  CP437 line graphics (useful when using Linux console mode fonts). This option
-S    Turn  on  CP437 line graphics (useful when using Linux console mode fonts). This option
        is now equivalent to `--charset=IBM437' and may eventually be depreciated.
      is now equivalent to `--charset=IBM437' and may eventually be depreciated.


-n    Turn colorization off always, over-ridden by the  -C  option,  however  overrides  CLI‐
-n    Turn colorization off always, over-ridden by the  -C  option,  however  overrides  CLI‐
        COLOR_FORCE if present.
      COLOR_FORCE if present.


-C    Turn  colorization  on  always,  using  built-in  color  defaults  if  the LS_COLORS or
-C    Turn  colorization  on  always,  using  built-in  color  defaults  if  the LS_COLORS or
        TREE_COLORS environment variables are not set.  Useful to colorize output to a pipe.
      TREE_COLORS environment variables are not set.  Useful to colorize output to a pipe.


=== XML/JSON/HTML OPTIONS ===
=== XML/JSON/HTML OPTIONS ===
-X    Turn on XML output. Outputs the directory tree as an XML formatted file.
-X    Turn on XML output. Outputs the directory tree as an XML formatted file.


-J    Turn on JSON output. Outputs the directory tree as a JSON formatted array.
-J    Turn on JSON output. Outputs the directory tree as a JSON formatted array.


-H baseHREF
-H baseHREF
        Turn on HTML output, including HTTP references. Useful for ftp sites.  baseHREF  gives
      Turn on HTML output, including HTTP references. Useful for ftp sites.  baseHREF  gives
        the base ftp location when using HTML output. That is, the local directory may be `/lo‐
      the base ftp location when using HTML output. That is, the local directory may be `/lo‐
        cal/ftp/pub', but it must  be  referenced  as  `ftp://hostname.organization.domain/pub'
      cal/ftp/pub', but it must  be  referenced  as  `ftp://hostname.organization.domain/pub'
        (baseHREF  should  be `ftp://hostname.organization.domain'). Hint: don't use ANSI lines
      (baseHREF  should  be `ftp://hostname.organization.domain'). Hint: don't use ANSI lines
        with this option, and don't give more than one directory in the directory list. If  you
      with this option, and don't give more than one directory in the directory list. If  you
        wish to use colors via CSS style-sheet, use the -C option in addition to this option to
      wish to use colors via CSS style-sheet, use the -C option in addition to this option to
        force color output.
      force color output.


-T title
-T title
        Sets the title and H1 header string in HTML output mode.
      Sets the title and H1 header string in HTML output mode.


--nolinks
--nolinks
        Turns off hyperlinks in HTML output.
      Turns off hyperlinks in HTML output.


=== INPUT OPTIONS ===
=== INPUT OPTIONS ===
--fromfile Reads a directory listing from a file rather than the file-system.  Paths  provided
--fromfile Reads a directory listing from a file rather than the file-system.  Paths  provided
on the command line are files to read from rather than directories to search.  The dot (.) di‐
on the command line are files to read from rather than directories to search.  The dot (.) di‐
rectory indicates that tree should read paths from standard input. NOTE: this is only suitable
rectory indicates that tree should read paths from standard input. NOTE: this is only suitable
for  reading the output of a program such as find, not 'tree -fi' as symlinks cannot (at least
for  reading the output of a program such as find, not 'tree -fi' as symlinks cannot (at least
as yet) be distinguished from files that simply contain ' -> ' as part of the filename.
as yet) be distinguished from files that simply contain ' -> ' as part of the filename.


=== MISC OPTIONS ===
=== MISC OPTIONS ===
--help Outputs a verbose usage listing.
--help Outputs a verbose usage listing.


--version
--version
        Outputs the version of tree.
      Outputs the version of tree.


--    Option processing terminator.  No further options will be processed after this.
--    Option processing terminator.  No further options will be processed after this.


.INFO FILES
.INFO FILES
.info files are similiar to .gitignore files, if a .info file is found while scanning a direc‐
.info files are similiar to .gitignore files, if a .info file is found while scanning a direc‐
tory  it  is read and added to a stack of .info information. Each file is composed of comments
tory  it  is read and added to a stack of .info information. Each file is composed of comments
(lines starting with hash marks (#),) or wild-card patterns which may match a file relative to
(lines starting with hash marks (#),) or wild-card patterns which may match a file relative to
the  directory the .info file is found in.  If a file should match a pattern, the tab indented
the  directory the .info file is found in.  If a file should match a pattern, the tab indented
comment that follows the pattern is used as the file comment.  A comment is  terminated  by  a
comment that follows the pattern is used as the file comment.  A comment is  terminated  by  a
non-tab indented line. Multiple patterns, each to a line, may share the same comment.
non-tab indented line. Multiple patterns, each to a line, may share the same comment.


ENVIRONMENT
ENVIRONMENT
LS_COLORS      Color information created by dircolors
LS_COLORS      Color information created by dircolors
TREE_COLORS    Uses this for color information over LS_COLORS if it is set.
TREE_COLORS    Uses this for color information over LS_COLORS if it is set.
TREE_CHARSET  Character set for tree to use in HTML mode.
TREE_CHARSET  Character set for tree to use in HTML mode.
CLICOLOR      Enables colorization even if TREE_COLORS or LS_COLORS is not set.
CLICOLOR      Enables colorization even if TREE_COLORS or LS_COLORS is not set.
CLICOLOR_FORCE Always enables colorization (effectively -C)
CLICOLOR_FORCE Always enables colorization (effectively -C)
LC_CTYPE      Locale for filename output.
LC_CTYPE      Locale for filename output.
LC_TIME        Locale for timefmt output, see strftime(3).
LC_TIME        Locale for timefmt output, see strftime(3).
TZ            Timezone for timefmt output, see strftime(3).
TZ            Timezone for timefmt output, see strftime(3).
STDDATA_FD    Enable the stddata feature, optionally set descriptor to use.
STDDATA_FD    Enable the stddata feature, optionally set descriptor to use.


AUTHOR
AUTHOR
Steve Baker (ice@mama.indstate.edu)
Steve Baker (ice@mama.indstate.edu)
HTML output hacked by Francesc Rocher (rocher@econ.udg.es)
HTML output hacked by Francesc Rocher (rocher@econ.udg.es)
Charsets and OS/2 support by Kyosuke Tokoro (NBG01720@nifty.ne.jp)
Charsets and OS/2 support by Kyosuke Tokoro (NBG01720@nifty.ne.jp)


BUGS AND NOTES
BUGS AND NOTES
Tree  does  not  prune "empty" directories when the -P and -I options are used by default. Use
Tree  does  not  prune "empty" directories when the -P and -I options are used by default. Use
the --prune option.
the --prune option.


The -h and --si options round to the nearest whole number unlike the ls implementations  which
The -h and --si options round to the nearest whole number unlike the ls implementations  which
rounds up always.
rounds up always.


Pruning  files  and directories with the -I, -P and --filelimit options will lead to incorrect
Pruning  files  and directories with the -I, -P and --filelimit options will lead to incorrect
file/directory count reports.
file/directory count reports.


The --prune and --du options cause tree to accumulate the entire tree in memory  before  emit‐
The --prune and --du options cause tree to accumulate the entire tree in memory  before  emit‐
ting it. For large directory trees this can cause a significant delay in output and the use of
ting it. For large directory trees this can cause a significant delay in output and the use of
large amounts of memory.
large amounts of memory.


The timefmt expansion buffer is limited to a ridiculously large  255  characters.  Output  of
The timefmt expansion buffer is limited to a ridiculously large  255  characters.  Output  of
time  strings longer than this will be undefined, but are guaranteed to not exceed 255 charac‐
time  strings longer than this will be undefined, but are guaranteed to not exceed 255 charac‐
ters.
ters.


XML/JSON trees are not colored, which is a bit of a shame.
XML/JSON trees are not colored, which is a bit of a shame.


Probably more.
Probably more.


As of version 2.0.0, in Linux, tree will attempt to automatically output a compact  JSON  tree
As of version 2.0.0, in Linux, tree will attempt to automatically output a compact  JSON  tree
on file descriptor 3 (what I call stddata,) if present and the environment variable STDDATA_FD
on file descriptor 3 (what I call stddata,) if present and the environment variable STDDATA_FD
is defined or set to a positive non-zero file descriptor value to use to  output  on.  It  is
is defined or set to a positive non-zero file descriptor value to use to  output  on.  It  is
hoped  that some day a better Linux/Unix shell may take advantage of this feature, though BSON
hoped  that some day a better Linux/Unix shell may take advantage of this feature, though BSON
would probably be a better format for this.
would probably be a better format for this.


= Konfiguration =
= Konfiguration =
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= Links =
= Links =
== Dateien ==
== Dateien ==
/etc/DIR_COLORS          System color database.
/etc/DIR_COLORS          System color database.
~/.dircolors            Users color database.
~/.dircolors            Users color database.
.gitignore              Git exclusion file
.gitignore              Git exclusion file
$GIT_DIR/info/exclude    Global git file exclusion list
$GIT_DIR/info/exclude    Global git file exclusion list
.info                    File comment file
.info                    File comment file
/usr/share/finfo/global_info  Global file comment file
/usr/share/finfo/global_info  Global file comment file
== Man-Pages ==
== Man-Pages ==
dircolors(1), ls(1), find(1), du(1), strftime(3) gitignore(5)
dircolors(1), ls(1), find(1), du(1), strftime(3) gitignore(5)
== Intern ==
== Intern ==
== Weblinks ==
== Weblinks ==

Version vom 4. März 2022, 13:22 Uhr

tree listed den Inhalt von Verzeichnissen als Baum auf

Beschreibung

Tree is a recursive directory listing program that produces a depth indented listing of files, which is colorized ala dircolors if the LS_COLORS environment variable is set and output is to tty. With no arguments, tree lists the files in the current directory. When directory arguments are given, tree lists all the files and/or directories found in the given directories each in turn. Upon completion of listing all files/directories found, tree returns the total number of files and/or directories listed.

By default, when a symbolic link is encountered, the path that the symbolic link refers to is printed after the name of the link in the format:

name -> real-path

If the `-l' option is given and the symbolic link refers to an actual directory, then tree will follow the path of the symbolic link as if it were a real directory.

Installation

  1. apt install tree

Syntax

tree [-acdfghilnpqrstuvxACDFJQNSUX] [-L level [-R]] [-H baseHREF] [-T title] [-o filename] [-P pattern] [-I pattern] [--gitignore] [--matchdirs] [--metafirst] [--ignore-case] [--nolinks] [--inodes] [--device] [--sort[=]name] [--dirsfirst] [--filesfirst] [--filelimit #] [--si] [--du] [--prune] [--timefmt[=]format] [--fromfile] [--info] [--noreport] [--version] [--help] [--] [directory ...]

Syntax

Parameter

Optionen

LISTING OPTIONS

-a All files are printed. By default tree does not print hidden files (those beginning with a dot `.'). In no event does tree print the file system constructs `.' (current directory) and `..' (previous directory).

-d List directories only.

-l Follows symbolic links if they point to directories, as if they were directories. Symbolic links that will result in recursion are avoided when detected.

-f Prints the full path prefix for each file.

-x Stay on the current file-system only. Ala find -xdev.

-L level

      Max display depth of the directory tree.

-R Recursively cross down the tree each level directories (see -L option), and at each of them execute tree again adding `-o 00Tree.html' as a new option.

-P pattern

      List only those files that match the wild-card pattern.  You may have multiple  -P  options.  Note:  you must use the -a option to also consider those files beginning with a dot `.' for matching.  Valid wildcard operators are `*' (any zero or more  characters), `**` (any zero or more characters as well as null /'s, i.e. /**/ may match a single /), `?' (any single character), `[...]' (any single character listed between brackets  (optional  -  (dash) for character range may be used: ex: [A-Z]), and `[^...]' (any single character not listed in brackets) and `|' separates alternate patterns. A  '/'  at  the end of the pattern matches directories, but not files.

-I pattern

      Do not list those files that match the wild-card pattern.  You may have multiple -I options.  See -P above for information on wildcard patterns.

--gitignore

      Uses  git  .gitignore  files  for  filtering  files   and   directories.    Also   uses $GIT_DIR/info/exclude if present.

--ignore-case

      If  a match pattern is specified by the -P or -I option, this will cause the pattern to match without regards to the case of each letter.

--matchdirs

      If a match pattern is specified by the -P option, this will cause the pattern to be applied  to  directory  names (in addition to filenames).  In the event of a match on the directory name, matching is disabled for the directory's contents. If the  --prune  op‐
      tion is used, empty folders that match the pattern will not be pruned.

--metafirst

      Print  the meta-data information at the beginning of the line rather than after the indentation lines.

--prune

      Makes tree prune empty directories from the output, useful  when  used  in  conjunction with -P or -I.  See BUGS AND NOTES below for more information on this option.

--info Prints file comments found in .info files. See .INFO FILES below for more information on the format of .info files.

--noreport Omits printing of the file and directory report at the end of the tree listing.

--charset charset Set the character set to use when outputting HTML and for line drawing.

--filelimit # Do not descend directories that contain more than # entries.

--timefmt format Prints (implies -D) and formats the date according to the format string which uses the strftime(3) syntax.

-o filename Send output to filename.

FILE OPTIONS

-q Print non-printable characters in filenames as question marks instead of the default.

-N Print non-printable characters as is instead of as escaped octal numbers.

-Q Quote the names of files in double quotes.

-p Print the file type and permissions for each file (as per ls -l).

-u Print the username, or UID # if no username is available, of the file.

-g Print the group name, or GID # if no group name is available, of the file.

-s Print the size of each file in bytes along with the name.

-h Print the size of each file but in a more human readable way, e.g. appending a size letter for kilobytes (K), megabytes (M), gigabytes (G), terabytes (T), petabytes (P) and exabytes (E).

--si Like -h but use SI units (powers of 1000) instead.

--du For each directory report its size as the accumulation of sizes of all its files and sub-directories (and their files, and so on). The total amount of used space is also given in the final report (like the 'du -c' command.) This option requires tree to read the entire directory tree before emitting it, see BUGS AND NOTES below. Implies -s.

-D Print the date of the last modification time or if -c is used, the last status change time for the file listed.

-F Append a `/' for directories, a `=' for socket files, a `*' for executable files, a `>' for doors (Solaris) and a `|' for FIFO's, as per ls -F

--inodes Prints the inode number of the file or directory

--device Prints the device number to which the file or directory belongs

SORTING OPTIONS

-v Sort the output by version.

-t Sort the output by last modification time instead of alphabetically.

-c Sort the output by last status change instead of alphabetically. Modifies the -D option (if used) to print the last status change instead of modification time.

-U Do not sort. Lists files in directory order. Disables --dirsfirst.

-r Sort the output in reverse order. This is a meta-sort that alter the above sorts. This option is disabled when -U is used.

--dirsfirst List directories before files. This is a meta-sort that alters the above sorts. This option is disabled when -U is used.

--filesfirst List files before directories. This is a meta-sort that alters the above sorts. This option is disabled when -U is used.

--sort[=]type Sort the output by type instead of name. Possible values are: ctime (-c), mtime (-t),

      size, or version (-v).

GRAPHICS OPTIONS

-i Makes tree not print the indentation lines, useful when used in conjunction with the -f

      option.  Also removes as much whitespace as possible when used with the -J  or  -x  op‐
      tions.

-A Turn on ANSI line graphics hack when printing the indentation lines.

-S Turn on CP437 line graphics (useful when using Linux console mode fonts). This option

      is now equivalent to `--charset=IBM437' and may eventually be depreciated.

-n Turn colorization off always, over-ridden by the -C option, however overrides CLI‐

      COLOR_FORCE if present.

-C Turn colorization on always, using built-in color defaults if the LS_COLORS or

      TREE_COLORS environment variables are not set.  Useful to colorize output to a pipe.

XML/JSON/HTML OPTIONS

-X Turn on XML output. Outputs the directory tree as an XML formatted file.

-J Turn on JSON output. Outputs the directory tree as a JSON formatted array.

-H baseHREF

      Turn on HTML output, including HTTP references. Useful for ftp sites.   baseHREF  gives
      the base ftp location when using HTML output. That is, the local directory may be `/lo‐
      cal/ftp/pub', but it must  be  referenced  as  `ftp://hostname.organization.domain/pub'
      (baseHREF  should  be `ftp://hostname.organization.domain'). Hint: don't use ANSI lines
      with this option, and don't give more than one directory in the directory list. If  you
      wish to use colors via CSS style-sheet, use the -C option in addition to this option to
      force color output.

-T title

      Sets the title and H1 header string in HTML output mode.

--nolinks

      Turns off hyperlinks in HTML output.

INPUT OPTIONS

--fromfile Reads a directory listing from a file rather than the file-system. Paths provided on the command line are files to read from rather than directories to search. The dot (.) di‐ rectory indicates that tree should read paths from standard input. NOTE: this is only suitable for reading the output of a program such as find, not 'tree -fi' as symlinks cannot (at least as yet) be distinguished from files that simply contain ' -> ' as part of the filename.

MISC OPTIONS

--help Outputs a verbose usage listing.

--version

      Outputs the version of tree.

-- Option processing terminator. No further options will be processed after this.

.INFO FILES .info files are similiar to .gitignore files, if a .info file is found while scanning a direc‐ tory it is read and added to a stack of .info information. Each file is composed of comments (lines starting with hash marks (#),) or wild-card patterns which may match a file relative to the directory the .info file is found in. If a file should match a pattern, the tab indented comment that follows the pattern is used as the file comment. A comment is terminated by a non-tab indented line. Multiple patterns, each to a line, may share the same comment.

ENVIRONMENT LS_COLORS Color information created by dircolors TREE_COLORS Uses this for color information over LS_COLORS if it is set. TREE_CHARSET Character set for tree to use in HTML mode. CLICOLOR Enables colorization even if TREE_COLORS or LS_COLORS is not set. CLICOLOR_FORCE Always enables colorization (effectively -C) LC_CTYPE Locale for filename output. LC_TIME Locale for timefmt output, see strftime(3). TZ Timezone for timefmt output, see strftime(3). STDDATA_FD Enable the stddata feature, optionally set descriptor to use.

AUTHOR Steve Baker (ice@mama.indstate.edu) HTML output hacked by Francesc Rocher (rocher@econ.udg.es) Charsets and OS/2 support by Kyosuke Tokoro (NBG01720@nifty.ne.jp)

BUGS AND NOTES Tree does not prune "empty" directories when the -P and -I options are used by default. Use the --prune option.

The -h and --si options round to the nearest whole number unlike the ls implementations which rounds up always.

Pruning files and directories with the -I, -P and --filelimit options will lead to incorrect file/directory count reports.

The --prune and --du options cause tree to accumulate the entire tree in memory before emit‐ ting it. For large directory trees this can cause a significant delay in output and the use of large amounts of memory.

The timefmt expansion buffer is limited to a ridiculously large 255 characters. Output of time strings longer than this will be undefined, but are guaranteed to not exceed 255 charac‐ ters.

XML/JSON trees are not colored, which is a bit of a shame.

Probably more.

As of version 2.0.0, in Linux, tree will attempt to automatically output a compact JSON tree on file descriptor 3 (what I call stddata,) if present and the environment variable STDDATA_FD is defined or set to a positive non-zero file descriptor value to use to output on. It is hoped that some day a better Linux/Unix shell may take advantage of this feature, though BSON would probably be a better format for this.

Konfiguration

Anwendungen

Links

Dateien

/etc/DIR_COLORS System color database. ~/.dircolors Users color database. .gitignore Git exclusion file $GIT_DIR/info/exclude Global git file exclusion list .info File comment file /usr/share/finfo/global_info Global file comment file

Man-Pages

dircolors(1), ls(1), find(1), du(1), strftime(3) gitignore(5)

Intern

Weblinks

Kontrollfragen

Testfrage 1

Antwort1

Testfrage 2

Antwort2

Testfrage 3

Antwort3

Testfrage 4

Antwort4

Testfrage 5

Antwort5