Ip/Befehl

Das Kommando ip aus der iproute2 Toolsammlung dient unter Linux zur Konfiguration von Netzwerkadressen. Es ersetzt das ifconfig Kommando aus den obsoleten net-tools. Dieser Artikel zeigt die wichtigsten Parameter des ip Kommandos anhand einiger Beispiele.

Vergleichstabelle ip versus ifconfig

Die Tabelle zeigt wichtige Befehle zur Netzwerkkonfiguration und vergleicht die Syntax der Kommandos ip und ifconfig:

Zweck	iproute2 Kommando	iproute2 Kommando Kurzversion	net-tools Kommando
Linkstatus anzeigen	ip link show	ip l	ifconfig
Linkstatus inkl. Statistik (RX/TX bytes, errors, ...) anzeigen	ip -statistics link show	ip -s l	ifconfig
IP Adresse anzeigen	ip addr show	ip a	ifconfig -a
IP Adresse setzen	ip addr add IP/NETMASK dev DEVICE	ip a a IP/NETMASK dev DEVICE	ifconfig DEVICE IP/NETMASK
IP Adresse entfernen	ip addr del IP/NETMASK dev DEVICE	ip a d IP/NETMASK dev DEVICE
Alle IP Adressen entfernen	ip addr flush dev DEVICE	ip a f dev DEVICE
Routingtabelle anzeigen	ip route show	ip r	route -n
Standardgateway setzen	ip route add default via IP	ip r a default via IP	route add default gw IP DEVICE
ARP-Cache anzeigen	ip neigh show	ip n	arp -na
Verbindungen anzeigen	ss --tcp --all --processes --extended --numeric	ss -tapen	netstat -tapen

Beispiele

Die folgenden Ausgaben zeigen einige Beispiele von iproute2 Kommandos.

ip help

$ ip help
Usage: ip [ OPTIONS ] OBJECT { COMMAND | help }
       ip [ -force ] -batch filename
where  OBJECT := { link | addr | addrlabel | route | rule | neigh | ntable |
                   tunnel | tuntap | maddr | mroute | mrule | monitor | xfrm |
                   netns }
       OPTIONS := { -V[ersion] | -s[tatistics] | -d[etails] | -r[esolve] |
                    -f[amily] { inet | inet6 | ipx | dnet | link } |
                    -l[oops] { maximum-addr-flush-attempts } |
                    -o[neline] | -t[imestamp] | -b[atch] [filename] |
                    -rc[vbuf] [size]}

ip link show

$ ip link show
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN 
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
    link/ether 08:00:27:66:72:e1 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

ip -statistics link show

$ ip link show
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN 
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    RX: bytes  packets  errors  dropped overrun mcast   
    2073916    4895     0       0       0       0      
    TX: bytes  packets  errors  dropped carrier collsns 
    2073916    4895     0       0       0       0      
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
    link/ether 08:00:27:66:72:e1 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    RX: bytes  packets  errors  dropped overrun mcast   
    1716782262 1369751  0       0       0       0      
    TX: bytes  packets  errors  dropped carrier collsns 
    308636400  1172428  0       0       0       0      

ip addr show

$ ip addr show
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN 
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
    link/ether 08:00:27:66:72:e1 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 10.1.102.59/24 brd 10.1.102.255 scope global eth0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe66:72e1/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

ip addr add IP/NETMASK dev DEVICE

$ sudo ip addr add 10.1.102.60/24 dev eth0
$ ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN 
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
    link/ether 08:00:27:66:72:e1 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 10.1.102.59/24 brd 10.1.102.255 scope global eth0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet 10.1.102.60/24 scope global secondary eth0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe66:72e1/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

ip addr del IP/NETMASK dev DEVICE

$ sudo ip addr del 10.1.102.60/24 dev eth0
$ ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN 
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
    link/ether 08:00:27:15:17:5e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 10.1.102.54/24 brd 10.1.102.255 scope global eth0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe15:175e/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

ip addr flush dev DEVICE

$ sudo ip addr flush dev eth0
$ ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN 
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
    link/ether 08:00:27:15:17:5e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

ip route show

$ ip route show
default via 10.1.102.1 dev eth0  metric 100 
10.1.102.0/24 dev eth0  proto kernel  scope link  src 10.1.102.59 

ip route add default via IP

$ sudo ip route add d via 10.1.102.1

ip neigh show

$ ip neigh show
10.1.102.101 dev eth0 lladdr f0:de:f1:f3:17:88 REACHABLE
10.1.102.1 dev eth0 lladdr 00:0c:42:97:79:63 REACHABLE