Kryptografie/Webserver: Unterschied zwischen den Versionen

Version vom 24. März 2024, 12:56 Uhr

Apache

Note that any cipher suite starting with EECDH can be omitted, if in doubt. (Compared to the theory section, EECDH in Apache and ECDHE in OpenSSL are synonyms [4])

Tested with Versions

Apache 2.2.22, Debian Wheezy with OpenSSL 1.0.1e
Apache 2.4.6, Debian Jessie with OpenSSL 1.0.1e
Apache 2.4.10, Debian Jessie 8.2 with OpenSSL 1.0.1k
Apache 2.4.7, Ubuntu 14.04.2 Trusty with OpenSSL 1.0.1f
Apache 2.4.6, CentOS Linux 7 (Core) with OpenSSL 1.0.1e
Apache 2.4.18, Ubuntu 16.04.3 LTS with OpenSSL 1.0.2g

Settings

Enabled modules SSL and Headers are required.

SSL configuration for an Apache vhost

SSLCertificateFile /etc/ssl/certs/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem
SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/ssl/private/ssl-cert-snakeoil.key
#SSLCertificateChainFile /etc/apache2/ssl.crt/server-ca.crt
#SSLCACertificateFile /etc/apache2/ssl.crt/ca-bundle.crt
SSLProtocol All -SSLv2 -SSLv3
SSLHonorCipherOrder On
SSLCompression off
Header always set Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=15768000"
# Strict-Transport-Security: "max-age=15768000 ; includeSubDomains"
Header always set Public-Key-Pins "pin-sha256=\"YOUR_HASH=\"; pin-sha256=\"YOUR_BACKUP_HASH=\"; max-age=7776000; report-uri=\"https://YOUR.REPORT.URL\""
SSLCipherSuite 'EDH+CAMELLIA:EDH+aRSA:EECDH+aRSA+AESGCM:EECDH+aRSA+SHA256:EECDH:+CAMELLIA128:+AES128:+SSLv3:!aNULL:!eNULL:!LOW:!3DES:!MD5:!EXP:!PSK:!DSS:!RC4:!SEED:!IDEA:!ECDSA:kEDH:CAMELLIA128-SHA:AES128-SHA'

	Add six earth month HSTS header for all users…
	If you want to protect all subdomains, use the following header. ALL subdomains HAVE TO support HTTPS if you use this!
	CALL subdomains HAVE TO support HTTPS if you use this! At least use one Backup-Key and/or add whole CA, think of Cert-Updates!

Additional settings

You might want to redirect everything to https:// if possible. In Apache you can do this with the following setting inside of a VirtualHost environment:

https auto-redirect vhost

<VirtualHost *:80>
    Redirect permanent / https://SERVER_NAME/
</VirtualHost>

References

Apache2 Docs on SSL and TLS

How to test

See appendix Tools

lighttpd

Tested with Versions

lighttpd/1.4.31-4 with OpenSSL 1.0.1e on Debian Wheezy
lighttpd/1.4.33 with OpenSSL 0.9.8o on Debian Squeeze (note that TLSv1.2 does not work in openssl 0.9.8 thus not all ciphers actually work)
lighttpd/1.4.28-2 with OpenSSL 0.9.8o on Debian Squeeze (note that TLSv1.2 does not work in openssl 0.9.8 thus not all ciphers actually work)
lighttpd/1.4.31, Ubuntu 14.04.2 Trusty with Openssl 1.0.1f

Settings

SSL configuration for lighttpd

$SERVER["socket"] == "0.0.0.0:443" {
    ssl.engine = "enable"
    ssl.use-sslv2 = "disable"
    ssl.use-sslv3 = "disable"
    ssl.pemfile = "/etc/lighttpd/server.pem"
    ssl.ca-file = "/etc/ssl/certs/server.crt"
    ssl.cipher-list = "EDH+CAMELLIA:EDH+aRSA:EECDH+aRSA+AESGCM:EECDH+aRSA+SHA256:EECDH:+CAMELLIA128:+AES128:+SSLv3:!aNULL:!eNULL:!LOW:!3DES:!MD5:!EXP:!PSK:!DSS:!RC4:!SEED:!IDEA:!ECDSA:kEDH:CAMELLIA128-SHA:AES128-SHA"
    ssl.honor-cipher-order = "enable"
    setenv.add-response-header   = ( "Strict-Transport-Security" => "max-age=15768000") # six months
     # use this only if all subdomains support HTTPS!
     # setenv.add-response-header   = ( "Strict-Transport-Security" => "max-age=15768000; includeSubDomains")
}

Starting with lighttpd version 1.4.29 Diffie-Hellman and Elliptic-Curve Diffie-Hellman key agreement protocols are supported. By default, elliptic curve "prime256v1" (also "secp256r1") will be used, if no other is given. To select special curves, it is possible to set them using the configuration options ssl.dh-file and ssl.ec-curve.

SSL EC/DH configuration for lighttpd

 # use group16 dh parameters
ssl.dh-file = "/etc/lighttpd/ssl/dh4096.pem"
ssl.ec-curve = "secp384r1"

Please read section A note on Diffie Hellman Key Exchanges for more information on Diffie Hellman key exchange and elliptic curves.

Additional settings

As for any other webserver, you might want to automatically redirect http:// traffic toward https://. It is also recommended to set the environment variable HTTPS, so the PHP applications run by the webserver can easily detect that HTTPS is in use.

https auto-redirect configuration

$HTTP["scheme"] == "http" {
     # capture vhost name with regex condition -> %0 in redirect pattern
     # must be the most inner block to the redirect rule
    $HTTP["host"] =~ ".*" {
        url.redirect = (".*" => "https://%0$0")
    }
     # Set the environment variable properly
    setenv.add-environment = (
        "HTTPS" => "on"
    )
}

Additional information

The config option honor-cipher-order is available since 1.4.30, the supported ciphers depend on the used OpenSSL-version (at runtime). ECDHE has to be available in OpenSSL at compile-time, which should be default. SSL compression should by deactivated by default at compile-time (if not, it’s active). Support for other SSL-libraries like GnuTLS will be available in the upcoming 2.x branch, which is currently under development.

References

How to test

See appendix Tools

nginx

Tested with Version

1.4.4 with OpenSSL 1.0.1e on OS X Server 10.8.5
1.2.1-2.2+wheezy2 with OpenSSL 1.0.1e on Debian Wheezy
1.4.4 with OpenSSL 1.0.1e on Debian Wheezy
1.2.1-2.2 bpo60+2 with OpenSSL 0.9.8o on Debian Squeeze (note that TLSv1.2 does not work in openssl 0.9.8 thus not all ciphers actually work)
1.4.6 with OpenSSL 1.0.1f on Ubuntu 14.04.2 LTS

Settings

SSL settings for nginx

ssl on;
ssl_certificate cert.pem;
ssl_certificate_key cert.key;
ssl_session_timeout 5m;
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2; # not possible to do exclusive
ssl_ciphers 'EDH+CAMELLIA:EDH+aRSA:EECDH+aRSA+AESGCM:EECDH+aRSA+SHA256:EECDH:+CAMELLIA128:+AES128:+SSLv3:!aNULL:!eNULL:!LOW:!3DES:!MD5:!EXP:!PSK:!DSS:!RC4:!SEED:!IDEA:!ECDSA:kEDH:CAMELLIA128-SHA:AES128-SHA';
add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=15768000"; # six months
 # add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=15768000; includeSubDomains";

	Use this only if all subdomains support HTTPS!

If you absolutely want to specify your own DH parameters, you can specify them via ssl_dhparam file. However, we advise you to read section A note on Diffie Hellman Key Exchanges and stay with the standard IKE/IETF parameters (as long as they are >1024 bits).

Additional settings

If you decide to trust NIST’s ECC curve recommendation, you can add the following line to nginx’s configuration file to select special curves:

SSL EC/DH settings for nginx

ssl_ecdh_curve secp384r1;

You might want to redirect everything to https:// if possible. In Nginx you can do this with the following setting:

https auto-redirect in nginx

return 301 https://$server_name$request_uri;

The variable $server_name refers to the first server_name entry in your config file. If you specify more than one server_name only the first will be taken. Please be sure to not use the $host variable here because it contains data controlled by the user.

References

How to test

See appendix Tools

Cherokee

Tested with Version

Cherokee/1.2.104 on Debian Wheezy with OpenSSL 1.0.1e 11 Feb 2013

Settings

The configuration of the cherokee webserver is performed by an admin interface available via the web. It then writes the configuration to /etc/cherokee/cherokee.conf, the important lines of such a configuration file can be found at the end of this section.

General Settings
- Network
  - SSL/TLS back-end: OpenSSL/libssl
- Ports to listen
  - Port: 443, TLS: TLS/SSL port
Virtual Servers, For each vServer on tab Security:
- Required SSL/TLS Values: Fill in the correct paths for Certificate and Certificate key
Advanced Options
- Ciphers:
  EDH+CAMELLIA:EDH+aRSA:EECDH+aRSA+AESGCM:EECDH+aRSA+SHA256:EECDH:+CAMELLIA128:+AES128:+SSLv3:!aNULL:!eNULL:!LOW:!3DES:!MD5:!EXP:!PSK:!DSS:!RC4:!SEED:!IDEA:!ECDSA:kEDH:CAMELLIA128-SHA:AES128-SHA
  - Server Preference: Prefer
  - Compression: Disabled
Advanced: TLS
- SSL version 2 and SSL version 3: No
- TLS version 1, TLS version 1.1 and TLS version 1.2: Yes

Additional settings

For each vServer on the Security tab it is possible to set the Diffie Hellman length to up to 4096 bits. We recommend to use >1024 bits. More information about Diffie-Hellman and which curves are recommended can be found in section A note on Diffie Hellman Key Exchanges. In Advanced: TLS it is possible to set the path to a Diffie Hellman parameters file for 512, 1024, 2048 and 4096 bits. HSTS can be configured on host-basis in section vServers / Security / HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS):* Enable HSTS: Accept

HSTS Max-Age: 15768000
Include Subdomains: depends on your setup

To redirect HTTP to HTTPS, configure a new rule per Virtual Server in the Behavior tab. The rule is SSL/TLS combined with a NOT operator. As Handler define Redirection and use /(.*)$ as Regular Expression and +https://$\{host}/$1+ as Substitution.

SSL configuration for cherokee

server!bind!2!port = 443
server!bind!2!tls = 1
server!tls = libssl
vserver!1!hsts = 1
vserver!1!hsts!max_age = 15768000
vserver!1!hsts!subdomains = 1
vserver!1!rule!5!handler = redir
vserver!1!rule!5!handler!rewrite!10!regex = /(.*)$
vserver!1!rule!5!handler!rewrite!10!show = 1
vserver!1!rule!5!handler!rewrite!10!substring = https://${host}/$1
vserver!1!rule!5!handler!type = just_about
vserver!1!rule!5!match = not
vserver!1!rule!5!match!right = tls
vserver!1!ssl_certificate_file = /etc/ssl/certs/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem
vserver!1!ssl_certificate_key_file = /etc/ssl/private/ssl-cert-snakeoil.key
vserver!1!ssl_cipher_server_preference = 1
vserver!1!ssl_ciphers = EDH+CAMELLIA:EDH+aRSA:EECDH+aRSA+AESGCM:EECDH+aRSA+SHA256:EECDH:+CAMELLIA128:+AES128:+SSLv3:!aNULL:!eNULL:!LOW:!3DES:!MD5:!EXP:!PSK:!DSS:!RC4:!SEED:!IDEA:!ECDSA:kEDH:CAMELLIA128-SHA:AES128-SHA
vserver!1!ssl_compression = 0
vserver!1!ssl_dh_length = 2048

References

How to test

See appendix Tools

MS IIS

To configure SSL/TLS on Windows Server IIS Crypto can be used. Simply start the Programm, no installation required. The tool changes the registry keys described below. A restart is required for the changes to take effect. "IIS Crypto Tool" Instead of using the IIS Crypto Tool the configuration can be set using the Windows Registry. The following Registry keys apply to the newer Versions of Windows (Windows 7, Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 2012 and Windows Server 2012 R2). For detailed information about the older versions see the Microsoft knowledgebase article How to restrict the use of certain cryptographic algorithms and protocols in Schannel.dll.

[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\SecurityProviders\Schannel]
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\SecurityProviders\Schannel\Ciphers]
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\SecurityProviders\Schannel\CipherSuites]
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\SecurityProviders\Schannel\Hashes]
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\SecurityProviders\Schannel\KeyExchangeAlgorithms]
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\SecurityProviders\Schannel\Protocols]

Tested with Version

Windows Server 2008
Windows Server 2008 R2
Windows Server 2012
Windows Server 2012 R2
Windows Vista and Internet Explorer 7 and upwards
Windows 7 and Internet Explorer 8 and upwards
Windows 8 and Internet Explorer 10 and upwards
Windows 8.1 and Internet Explorer 11

Settings

When trying to avoid RC4 (RC4 biases) as well as CBC (BEAST-Attack) by using GCM and to support perfect forward secrecy, Microsoft SChannel (SSL/TLS, Auth,.. Stack) supports ECDSA but lacks support for RSA signatures (see ECC suite B doubts). Since one is stuck with ECDSA, an elliptic curve certificate needs to be used. The configuration of cipher suites MS IIS will use, can be configured in one of the following ways:# Group Policy: Prioritizing Schannel Cipher Suites

Registry: How to restrict the use of certain cryptographic algorithms and protocols in Schannel.dll
IIS Crypto
Powershell

Table Client support shows the process of turning on one algorithm after another and the effect on the supported clients tested using https://www.ssllabs.com. SSL 3.0, SSL 2.0 and MD5 are turned off. TLS 1.0 and TLS 1.2 are turned on. Table 1. Client support

Cipher Suite	Client
TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256+	only IE 10,11, OpenSSL 1.0.1e
TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256+	Chrome 30, Opera 17, Safari 6+
TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA+	FF 10-24, IE 8+, Safari 5, Java 7

Table Client support shows the algorithms from strongest to weakest and why they need to be added in this order. For example insisting on SHA-2 algorithms (only first two lines) would eliminate all versions of Firefox, so the last line is needed to support this browser, but should be placed at the bottom, so capable browsers will choose the stronger SHA-2 algorithms. TLS_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA or equivalent should also be added if MS Terminal Server Connection is used (make sure to use this only in a trusted environment). This suite will not be used for SSL, since we do not use a RSA Key.

Clients not supported:

Java 6
WinXP
Bing

Additional settings

It’s recommended to use ´Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=15768000` for detailed information visit the Microsoft knowledgebase article in custom Headers. You might want to redirect everything to https:// if possible. In IIS you can do this with the following setting by Powershell: Set-WebConfiguration -Location "$WebSiteName/$WebApplicationName" `

   -Filter 'system.webserver/security/access' `
   -Value "SslRequireCert"

Justification for special settings (if needed)

References

How to test

See appendix Tools