useradd
useradd - erstellt einen neuen Benutzer oder aktualisiert die Standardwerte für neue Benutzer
Beschreibung
useradd is a low level utility for adding users. On Debian, administrators should usually use adduser(8) instead.
When invoked without the -D option, the useradd command creates a new user account using the values specified on the command line plus the default values from the system. Depending on command line options, the useradd command will update system files and may also create the new user's home directory and copy initial files.
By default, a group will also be created for the new user (see -g, -N, -U, and USERGROUPS_ENAB).
- Anmerkung
The system administrator is responsible for placing the default user files in the /etc/skel/ directory (or any other skeleton directory specified in /etc/default/useradd or on the command line).
Installation
Syntax
useradd [options] LOGIN
useradd -D
useradd -D [options]
Optionen
| Unix | GNU | Parameter | Beschreibung |
|---|---|---|---|
| --badname | erlaube Namen, die nicht den Standards entsprechen | ||
| -b | --b | The default base directory for the system if -d HOME_DIR is not specified. BASE_DIR is
concatenated with the account name to define the home directory If this option is not specified, useradd will use the base directory specified by the HOME variable in /etc/default/useradd, or /home by default | |
| -c | --c | Any text string. It is generally a short description of the account, and is currently used as
the field for the user's full name | |
| -d | --d | The new user will be created using HOME_DIR as the value for the user's login directory. The
default is to append the LOGIN name to BASE_DIR and use that as the login directory name. If the directory HOME_DIR does not exist, then it will be created unless the -M option is specified | |
| -D | --D | Lesen Sie dazu unten den Abschnitt »Die Standardwerte verändern« | |
| -e | --e | The date on which the user account will be disabled. The date is specified in the format
YYYY-MM-DD If not specified, useradd will use the default expiry date specified by the EXPIRE variable in /etc/default/useradd, or an empty string (no expiry) by default | |
| -f | --f | defines the number of days after the password exceeded its maximum age where the user is
expected to replace this password. The value is stored in the shadow password file. An input of 0 will disable an expired password with no delay. An input of -1 will blank the respective field in the shadow password file. See shadow(5)for more information If not specified, useradd will use the default inactivity period specified by the INACTIVE variable in /etc/default/useradd, or -1 by default | |
| -F | --F | Update /etc/subuid and /etc/subgid even when creating a system account with -r option | |
| -g | --g | The name or the number of the user's primary group. The group name must exist. A group number
must refer to an already existing group If not specified, the behavior of useradd will depend on the USERGROUPS_ENAB variable in /etc/login.defs. If this variable is set to yes (or -U/--user-group is specified on the command line), a group will be created for the user, with the same name as her loginname. If the variable is set to no (or -N/--no-user-group is specified on the command line), useradd will set the primary group of the new user to the value specified by the GROUP variable in /etc/default/useradd, or 100 by default | |
| -G | --G | A list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of. Each group is separated
from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace. The groups are subject to the same restrictions as the group given with the -g option. The default is for the user to belong only to the initial group. In addition to passing in the -G flag, you can add the option GROUPS to the file /etc/default/useradd which in turn will add all users to those supplementary groups | |
| -h | --h | zeigt die Hilfe an und beendet das Programm | |
| -k | --k | The skeleton directory, which contains files and directories to be copied in the user's home directory, when the home directory is created by useradd
This option is only valid if the -m (or --create-home) option is specified If this option is not set, the skeleton directory is defined by the SKEL variable in /etc/default/useradd or, by default, /etc/skel Absolute symlinks that link back to the skel directory will have the /etc/skel prefix replaced with the user's home directory Soweit möglich, werden die ACLs und erweiterte Attribute kopiert | |
| -K | --K | Overrides /etc/login.defs defaults (UID_MIN, UID_MAX, UMASK, PASS_MAX_DAYS and others)
Example: -K PASS_MAX_DAYS =-1 can be used when creating an account to turn off password aging. Multiple -K options can be specified, e.g.: -K UID_MIN =100 -K UID_MAX=499 | |
| -l | --l | lässt den Benutzer bei den Aufzeichnungen von lastlog(8) und faillog(8) außen vor
Standardmäßig werden die Benutzereinträge in den Datenbanken für lastlog und faillog zurückgesetzt, um zu vermeiden, dass der Eintrag eines früher gelöschten Benutzers erneut verwendet wird If this option is not specified, useradd will also consult the variable LOG_INIT in the /etc/default/useradd if set to no the user will not be added to the lastlog and faillog databases | |
| -m | --m | Create the user's home directory if it does not exist. The files and directories contained in
the skeleton directory (which can be defined with the -k option) will be copied to the home directory By default, if this option is not specified and CREATE_HOME is not enabled, no home directories are created The directory where the user's home directory is created must exist and have proper SELinux context and permissions. Otherwise the user's home directory cannot be created or accessed | |
| -M | --M | Do not create the user's home directory, even if the system wide setting from /etc/login.defs
(CREATE_HOME) is set to yes | |
| -N | --N | Do not create a group with the same name as the user, but add the user to the group specified
by the -g option or by the GROUP variable in /etc/default/useradd The default behavior (if the -g, -N, and -U options are not specified) is defined by the USERGROUPS_ENAB variable in /etc/login.defs | |
| -o | --o | allows the creation of an account with an already existing UID
This option is only valid in combination with the -u option. As a user identity serves as key to map between users on one hand and permissions, file ownerships and other aspects that determine the system's behavior on the other hand, more than one login name will access the account of the given UID | |
| -p | --p | defines an initial password for the account. PASSWORD is expected to be encrypted, as
returned by crypt (3). Within a shell script, this option allows to create efficiently batches of users Without this option, the new account will be locked and with no password defined, i.e. a single exclamation mark in the respective field of /etc/shadow. This is a state where the user won't be able to access the account or to define a password himself Note:Avoid this option on the command line because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users listing the processes Sie sollten sicherstellen, dass das Passwort den Passwortrichtlinien des Systems entspricht | |
| -r | --r | erstellt ein Systemkonto
System users will be created with no aging information in /etc/shadow, and their numeric identifiers are chosen in the SYS_UID_MIN-SYS_UID_MAX range, defined in /etc/login.defs, instead of UID_MIN-UID_MAX (and their GID counterparts for the creation of groups) Note that useradd will not create a home directory for such a user, regardless of the default setting in /etc/login.defs (CREATE_HOME). You have to specify the -m options if you want a home directory for a system account to be created Note that this option will not update /etc/subuid and /etc/subgid. You have to specify the -F options if you want to update the files for a system account to be created | |
| -R | --R | Apply changes in the CHROOT_DIR directory and use the configuration files from the CHROOT_DIR
directory. Only absolute paths are supported | |
| -P | --P | Apply changes to configuration files under the root filesystem found under the directory
PREFIX_DIR. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross-compilation target. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified. PAM authentication is using the host files. No SELINUX support | |
| -s | --s | sets the path to the user's login shell. Without this option, the system will use the SHELL
variable specified in /etc/default/useradd, or, if that is as well not set, the field for the login shell in /etc/passwd remains empty | |
| -u | --u | The numerical value of the user's ID. This value must be unique, unless the -o option is
used. The value must be non-negative. The default is to use the smallest ID value greater than or equal to UID_MIN and greater than every other user See also the -r option and the UID_MAX description | |
| -U | --U | erstellt eine Gruppe mit dem gleichen Namen wie der Benutzer und fügt diesen der Gruppe
hinzu The default behavior (if the -g, -N, and -U options are not specified) is defined by the USERGROUPS_ENAB variable in /etc/login.defs | |
| -Z | --Z | defines the SELinux user for the new account. Without this option, SELinux uses the default user. Note that the shadow system doesn't store the selinux-user, it uses semanage(8) for that | |
| --selinux-range SERANGE
defines the SELinux MLS range for the new account. Without this option, SELinux uses the default range. Note that the shadow system doesn't store the selinux-range, it uses semanage(8) for that This option is only valid if the -Z (or --selinux-user) option is specified Die Standardwerte verändern When invoked with only the -D option, useradd will display the current default values. When invoked with -D plus other options, useradd will update the default values for the specified options. Valid default-changing options are: | |||
| -b | --b | sets the path prefix for a new user's home directory. The user's name will be affixed to the
end of BASE_DIR to form the new user's home directory name, if the -d option is not used when creating a new account This option sets the HOME variable in /etc/default/useradd | |
| -e | --e | sets the date on which newly created user accounts are disabled
This option sets the EXPIRE variable in /etc/default/useradd | |
| -f | --f | defines the number of days after the password exceeded its maximum age where the user is
expected to replace this password. See shadow(5)for more information This option sets the INACTIVE variable in /etc/default/useradd | |
| -g | --g | sets the default primary group for newly created users, accepting group names or a numerical
group ID. The named group must exist, and the GID must have an existing entry This option sets the GROUP variable in /etc/default/useradd | |
| -s | --s | defines the default login shell for new users
This option sets the SHELL variable in /etc/default/useradd |
Parameter
Umgebungsvariablen
Exit-Status
| 0 | success |
| 1 | can't update password file |
| 2 | invalid command syntax |
| 3 | invalid argument to option |
| 4 | UID already in use (and no -o) |
| 6 | specified group doesn't exist |
| 9 | username or group name already in use |
| 10 | can't update group file |
| 12 | can't create home directory |
| 14 | can't update SELinux user mapping |
Anwendung
Problembehebung
Konfiguration
Dateien
| /etc/passwd | Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten |
| /etc/shadow | geschützte Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten |
| /etc/group | Informationen zu den Gruppenkonten |
| /etc/gshadow | geschützte Informationen zu den Gruppenkonten |
| /etc/default/useradd | Standardwerte für die Erstellung eines Kontos |
| /etc/shadow-maint/useradd-pre.d/*, /etc/shadow-maint/useradd-post.d/* | Run-part files to execute during user addition. The environment variable ACTION will be populated with useradd and SUBJECT with the username. useradd-pre.d will be executed prior to any user addition. useradd-post.d will execute after user addition. If a script exits non-zero then execution will terminate |
| /etc/skel/ | Verzeichnis, das die Dateien mit Standardwerten enthält |
| /etc/subgid | enthält untergeordnete Gruppenkennungen der einzelnen Benutzer |
| /etc/subuid | enthält untergeordnete Benutzerkennungen der einzelnen Benutzer |
| /etc/login.defs | konfiguriert die Shadow-Hilfsprogramme |
Anhang
Siehe auch
shadow-utils 4.16.0
Dokumentation
Man-Page
chfn(1) chsh(1) passwd(1) crypt(3) groupadd(8) groupdel(8) groupmod(8) login.defs(5) newusers(8) subgid(5) subuid(5) userdel(8) usermod(8)
Info-Pages
Links
Projekt
Weblinks
TMP
WARNUNGEN
Sie dürfen einer NIS- oder LDAP-Gruppe keine Benutzer hinzufügen. Dies muss auf dem entsprechenden Server durchgeführt werden.
Similarly, if the username already exists in an external user database such as NIS or LDAP, useradd will deny the user account creation request.
Usernames may contain only lower and upper case letters, digits, underscores, or dashes. They can end with a dollar sign. Dashes are not allowed at the beginning of the username. Fully numeric usernames and usernames . or .. are also disallowed. It is not recommended to use usernames beginning with . character as their home directories will be hidden in the ls output.
Benutzernamen dürfen nur bis zu 256 Zeichen lang sein.
On Debian, the only constraints are that usernames must neither start with a dash ('-') nor plus ('+') nor tilde ('~') nor contain a colon (':'), a comma (','), or a whitespace (space: ' ', end of line: '\n', tabulation: '\t', etc.). Note that using a slash ('/') may break the default algorithm for the definition of the user's home directory.
KONFIGURATION
The following configuration variables in /etc/login.defs change the behavior of this tool: