/etc/aliases

NAME

aliases - Postfix local alias database format

SYNOPSIS

newaliases

DESCRIPTION

The optional aliases(5) table (alias_maps) redirects mail for local recipients. The redirections are processed by the Postfix local(8) delivery agent.

This is unlike virtual(5) aliasing (virtual_alias_maps) which applies to all recipients: local(8), virtual, and remote, and which is implemented by the cleanup(8) daemon.

Normally, the aliases(5) table is specified as a text file that serves as input to the postalias(1) command. The result, an indexed file in dbm or db format, is used for fast lookup by the mail system. Execute the command newaliases in order to rebuild the indexed file after changing the Postfix alias database.

When the table is provided via other means such as NIS, LDAP or SQL, the same lookups are done as for ordinary indexed files.

Alternatively, the table can be provided as a regular-expression map where patterns are given as regular expressions. In this case, the lookups are done in a slightly different way as described below under "REGULAR EXPRESSION TABLES".

Users can control delivery of their own mail by setting up .forward files in their home directory. Lines in per-user .forward files have the same syn‐ tax as the right-hand side of aliases(5) entries.

The format of the alias database input file is as follows:

• An alias definition has the form

     name: value1, value2, ...

• Empty lines and whitespace-only lines are ignored, as are lines whose first non-whitespace character is a `#'.

• A logical line starts with non-whitespace text. A line that starts with whitespace continues a logical line.

The name is a local address (no domain part). Use double quotes when the name contains any special characters such as whitespace, `#', `:', or `@'. The name is folded to lowercase, in order to make database lookups case insensitive.

In addition, when an alias exists for owner-name, this will override the envelope sender address, so that delivery diagnostics are directed to owner-name, instead of the originator of the message (for details, see owner_request_special, expand_owner_alias and reset_owner_alias). This is typi‐ cally used to direct delivery errors to the maintainer of a mailing list, who is in a better position to deal with mailing list delivery problems than the originator of the undelivered mail.

The value contains one or more of the following:

address

Mail is forwarded to address, which is compatible with the RFC 822 standard.

/file/name

Mail  is appended to /file/name. For details on how a file is written see the sections "EXTERNAL FILE DELIVERY" and "DELIVERY RIGHTS" in the lo‐
cal(8) documentation.  Delivery is not limited to regular files.  For example, to dispose of unwanted mail, deflect it to /dev/null.

|command

Mail is piped into command. Commands that contain special characters, such as whitespace, should be enclosed between double quotes. For  details
on how a command is executed see "EXTERNAL COMMAND DELIVERY" and "DELIVERY RIGHTS" in the local(8) documentation.

When  the command fails, a limited amount of command output is mailed back to the sender.  The file /usr/include/sysexits.h defines the expected
exit status codes. For example, use "|exit 67" to simulate a "user unknown" error, and "|exit 0" to implement an expensive black hole.

include:/file/name

Mail is sent to the destinations listed in the named file.  Lines in :include: files have the same syntax as the right-hand side  of  alias  en‐
tries.

A  destination can be any destination that is described in this manual page. However, delivery to "|command" and /file/name is disallowed by de‐
fault. To enable, edit the allow_mail_to_commands and allow_mail_to_files configuration parameters.

ADDRESS EXTENSION

When alias database search fails, and the recipient localpart contains the optional recipient delimiter (e.g., user+foo), the search is repeated for the unextended address (e.g., user).

The propagate_unmatched_extensions parameter controls whether an unmatched address extension (+foo) is propagated to the result of table lookup.

CASE FOLDING

The local(8) delivery agent always folds the search string to lowercase before database lookup.

REGULAR EXPRESSION TABLES

This section describes how the table lookups change when the table is given in the form of regular expressions. For a description of regular expression lookup table syntax, see regexp_table(5) or pcre_table(5). NOTE: these formats do not use ":" at the end of a pattern.

Each regular expression is applied to the entire search string. Thus, a search string user+foo is not broken up into user and foo.

Regular expressions are applied in the order as specified in the table, until a regular expression is found that matches the search string.

Lookup results are the same as with indexed file lookups. For security reasons there is no support for $1, $2 etc. substring interpolation.

SECURITY

The local(8) delivery agent disallows regular expression substitution of $1 etc. in alias_maps, because that would open a security hole.

The local(8) delivery agent will silently ignore requests to use the proxymap(8) server within alias_maps. Instead it will open the table directly. Before Postfix version 2.2, the local(8) delivery agent will terminate with a fatal error.

CONFIGURATION PARAMETERS

The following main.cf parameters are especially relevant. The text below provides only a parameter summary. See postconf(5) for more details including examples.

alias_database (see 'postconf -d' output)

The alias databases for local(8) delivery that are updated with "newaliases" or with "sendmail -bi".

alias_maps (see 'postconf -d' output)

Optional lookup tables with aliases that apply only to local(8) recipients; this is unlike virtual_alias_maps that apply to all recipients:  lo‐
cal(8), virtual, and remote.

allow_mail_to_commands (alias, forward)

Restrict local(8) mail delivery to external commands.

allow_mail_to_files (alias, forward)

Restrict local(8) mail delivery to external files.

expand_owner_alias (no)

When  delivering  to an alias "aliasname" that has an "owner-aliasname" companion alias, set the envelope sender address to the expansion of the
"owner-aliasname" alias.

propagate_unmatched_extensions (canonical, virtual)

What address lookup tables copy an address extension from the lookup key to the lookup result.

owner_request_special (yes)

Enable special treatment for owner-listname entries in the aliases(5) file, and don't split owner-listname and listname-request  address  local‐
parts when the recipient_delimiter is set to "-".

recipient_delimiter (empty)

The set of characters that can separate an email address localpart, user name, or a .forward file name from its extension.

Available in Postfix version 2.3 and later:

frozen_delivered_to (yes)

Update  the local(8) delivery agent's idea of the Delivered-To: address (see prepend_delivered_header) only once, at the start of a delivery at‐
tempt; do not update the Delivered-To: address while expanding aliases or .forward files.

STANDARDS

RFC 822 (ARPA Internet Text Messages)

SEE ALSO

local(8), local delivery agent
newaliases(1), create/update alias database
postalias(1), create/update alias database
postconf(5), configuration parameters

README FILES

Use "postconf readme_directory" or "postconf html_directory" to locate this information.
DATABASE_README, Postfix lookup table overview