Tree

tree listet den Inhalt von Verzeichnissen als Baum auf

Beschreibung

Tree ist ein rekursives Programm zur Auflistung von Verzeichnissen, das eine tief eingerückte Auflistung von Dateien erzeugt, die ala dircolors eingefärbt ist, wenn die Umgebungsvariable LS_COLORS gesetzt ist und die Ausgabe auf tty erfolgt.

• Wenn keine Argumente angegeben werden, listet tree die Dateien im aktuellen Verzeichnis auf.
• Wenn Verzeichnisargumente angegeben werden, listet tree alle Dateien und/oder Verzeichnisse auf, die sich in den angegebenen Verzeichnissen befinden, jeweils der Reihe nach.
• Wenn die Auflistung aller gefundenen Dateien/Verzeichnisse abgeschlossen ist, gibt tree die Gesamtzahl der aufgelisteten Dateien und/oder Verzeichnisse zurück.

Wenn ein symbolischer Link gefunden wird, wird standardmäßig der Pfad, auf den der symbolische Link verweist, nach dem Namen des Links in dem Format ausgegeben:

name -> real-path

Wenn die Option `-l' angegeben wird und der symbolische Link auf ein tatsächliches Verzeichnis verweist, dann wird tree dem Pfad des symbolischen Links folgen, als ob es ein echtes Verzeichnis wäre.

Installation

# apt install tree

Syntax

tree [-acdfghilnpqrstuvxACDFJQNSUX] [-L level [-R]] [-H baseHREF] [-T title] [-o filename] [-P pattern] [-I pattern] [--gitignore] [--matchdirs] [--metafirst] [--ignore-case] [--nolinks] [--inodes] [--device] [--sort[=]name] [--dirsfirst] [--filesfirst] [--filelimit #] [--si] [--du] [--prune] [--timefmt[=]format] [--fromfile] [--info] [--noreport] [--version] [--help] [--] [directory ...]

Syntax

Optionen

LISTING OPTIONS

-a All files are printed.

• By default tree does not print hidden files (those beginning with a dot `.').
• In no event does tree print the file system constructs `.' (current directory) and `..' (previous directory).

-d List directories only.

-l Follows symbolic links if they point to directories, as if they were directories.

• Symbolic links that will result in recursion are avoided when detected.

-f Prints the full path prefix for each file.

-x Stay on the current file-system only.

• Ala find -xdev.

-L level || Max display depth of the directory tree.

-R Recursively cross down the tree each level directories (see -L option), and at each of them execute tree again adding `-o 00Tree.html' as a new option.

-P pattern || List only those files that match the wild-card pattern.

• You may have multiple -P options.
• Note: you must use the -a option to also consider those files beginning with a dot `.' for matching.
• Valid wildcard operators are `*' (any zero or more characters), `**` (any zero or more characters as well as null /'s, i.e. /**/ may match a single /), `?' (any single character), `[...]' (any single character listed between brackets (optional - (dash) for character range may be used: ex: [A-Z]), and `[^...]' (any single character not listed in brackets) and `|' separates alternate patterns.
• A '/' at the end of the pattern matches directories, but not files.

-I pattern

Do not list those files that match the wild-card pattern. 

• You may have multiple -I options.
• See -P above for information on wildcard patterns.

--gitignore

Uses git .gitignore files for filtering files and directories. 

• Also uses $GIT_DIR/info/exclude if present.

--ignore-case

If a match pattern is specified by the -P or -I option, this will cause the pattern to match without regards to the case of each letter.

--matchdirs

If a match pattern is specified by the -P option, this will cause the pattern to be applied to directory names (in addition to filenames). 

• In the event of a match on the directory name, matching is disabled for the directory's contents.
• If the --prune op‐

tion is used, empty folders that match the pattern will not be pruned.

--metafirst

Print the meta-data information at the beginning of the line rather than after the indentation lines.

--prune

Makes tree prune empty directories from the output, useful when used in conjunction with -P or -I. 

• See BUGS AND NOTES below for more information on this option.

--info Prints file comments found in .info files.

• See .INFO FILES below for more information on the format of .info files.

--noreport Omits printing of the file and directory report at the end of the tree listing.

--charset charset Set the character set to use when outputting HTML and for line drawing.

--filelimit # Do not descend directories that contain more than # entries.

--timefmt format Prints (implies -D) and formats the date according to the format string which uses the strftime(3) syntax.

-o filename Send output to filename.

FILE OPTIONS

-q Print non-printable characters in filenames as question marks instead of the default.

-N Print non-printable characters as is instead of as escaped octal numbers.

-Q Quote the names of files in double quotes.

-p Print the file type and permissions for each file (as per ls -l).

-u Print the username, or UID # if no username is available, of the file.

-g Print the group name, or GID # if no group name is available, of the file.

-s Print the size of each file in bytes along with the name.

-h Print the size of each file but in a more human readable way, e.g.

• appending a size letter for kilobytes (K), megabytes (M), gigabytes (G), terabytes (T), petabytes (P) and exabytes (E).

--si Like -h but use SI units (powers of 1000) instead.

--du For each directory report its size as the accumulation of sizes of all its files and sub-directories (and their files, and so on).

• The total amount of used space is also given in the final report (like the 'du -c' command.) This option requires tree to read the entire directory tree before emitting it, see BUGS AND NOTES below.
• Implies -s.

-D Print the date of the last modification time or if -c is used, the last status change time for the file listed.

-F Append a `/' for directories, a `=' for socket files, a `*' for executable files, a `>' for doors (Solaris) and a `|' for FIFO's, as per ls -F

--inodes Prints the inode number of the file or directory

--device Prints the device number to which the file or directory belongs

SORTING OPTIONS

-v Sort the output by version.

-t Sort the output by last modification time instead of alphabetically.

-c Sort the output by last status change instead of alphabetically.

• Modifies the -D option (if used) to print the last status change instead of modification time.

-U Do not sort.

• Lists files in directory order.
• Disables --dirsfirst.

-r Sort the output in reverse order.

• This is a meta-sort that alter the above sorts.
• This option is disabled when -U is used.

--dirsfirst List directories before files.

• This is a meta-sort that alters the above sorts.
• This option is disabled when -U is used.

--filesfirst List files before directories.

• This is a meta-sort that alters the above sorts.
• This option is disabled when -U is used.

--sort[=]type Sort the output by type instead of name.

• Possible values are: ctime (-c), mtime (-t), size, or version (-v).

GRAPHICS OPTIONS

-i Makes tree not print the indentation lines, useful when used in conjunction with the -f option. Also removes as much whitespace as possible when used with the -J or -x options.

-A Turn on ANSI line graphics hack when printing the indentation lines.

-S Turn on CP437 line graphics (useful when using Linux console mode fonts). This option is now equivalent to `--charset=IBM437' and may eventually be depreciated.

-n Turn colorization off always, over-ridden by the -C option, however overrides CLICOLOR_FORCE if present.

-C Turn colorization on always, using built-in color defaults if the LS_COLORS or TREE_COLORS environment variables are not set. Useful to colorize output to a pipe.

XML/JSON/HTML OPTIONS

-X Turn on XML output.

• Outputs the directory tree as an XML formatted file.

-J Turn on JSON output.

• Outputs the directory tree as a JSON formatted array.

-H baseHREF || Turn on HTML output, including HTTP references.

• Useful for ftp sites.
• baseHREF gives the base ftp location when using HTML output.
• That is, the local directory may be `/local/ftp/pub', but it must be referenced as ftp://hostname.organization.domain/pub' (baseHREF should be `ftp://hostname.organization.domain').
• Hint: don't use ANSI lines with this option, and don't give more than one directory in the directory list.
• If you

wish to use colors via CSS style-sheet, use the -C option in addition to this option to  force color output.

-T title

Sets the title and H1 header string in HTML output mode.

--nolinks

Turns off hyperlinks in HTML output.

INPUT OPTIONS

--fromfile Reads a directory listing from a file rather than the file-system.

• Paths provided

on the command line are files to read from rather than directories to search.

• The dot (.) di‐

rectory indicates that tree should read paths from standard input.

• NOTE: this is only suitable

for reading the output of a program such as find, not 'tree -fi' as symlinks cannot (at least as yet) be distinguished from files that simply contain ' -> ' as part of the filename.

MISC OPTIONS

--help || Outputs a verbose usage listing.

--version || Outputs the version of tree.

-- Option processing terminator. || No further options will be processed after this.

.INFO FILES .info files are similiar to .gitignore files, if a .info file is found while scanning a directory it is read and added to a stack of .info information.

• Each file is composed of comments

(lines starting with hash marks (#),) or wild-card patterns which may match a file relative to the directory the .info file is found in.

• If a file should match a pattern, the tab indented

comment that follows the pattern is used as the file comment.

• A comment is terminated by a

non-tab indented line.

• Multiple patterns, each to a line, may share the same comment.

ENVIRONMENT LS_COLORS Color information created by dircolors TREE_COLORS Uses this for color information over LS_COLORS if it is set. TREE_CHARSET Character set for tree to use in HTML mode. CLICOLOR Enables colorization even if TREE_COLORS or LS_COLORS is not set. CLICOLOR_FORCE Always enables colorization (effectively -C) LC_CTYPE Locale for filename output. LC_TIME Locale for timefmt output, see strftime(3). TZ Timezone for timefmt output, see strftime(3). STDDATA_FD Enable the stddata feature, optionally set descriptor to use.

BUGS AND NOTES Tree does not prune "empty" directories when the -P and -I options are used by default.

• Use

the --prune option.

The -h and --si options round to the nearest whole number unlike the ls implementations which rounds up always.

Pruning files and directories with the -I, -P and --filelimit options will lead to incorrect file/directory count reports.

The --prune and --du options cause tree to accumulate the entire tree in memory before emit‐ ting it.

• For large directory trees this can cause a significant delay in output and the use of

large amounts of memory.

The timefmt expansion buffer is limited to a ridiculously large 255 characters.

• Output of

time strings longer than this will be undefined, but are guaranteed to not exceed 255 charac‐ ters.

XML/JSON trees are not colored, which is a bit of a shame.

Probably more.

As of version 2.0.0, in Linux, tree will attempt to automatically output a compact JSON tree on file descriptor 3 (what I call stddata,) if present and the environment variable STDDATA_FD is defined or set to a positive non-zero file descriptor value to use to output on. It is hoped that some day a better Linux/Unix shell may take advantage of this feature, though BSON would probably be a better format for this.

Links

Dateien

• /etc/DIR_COLORS System color database
• ~/.dircolors Users color database.
• .gitignore Git exclusion file
• $GIT_DIR/info/exclude Global git file exclusion list
• .info File comment file
• /usr/share/finfo/global_info Global file comment file

Man-Pages

1. dircolors(1)
2. ls(1)
3. find(1)
4. du(1)
5. strftime(3)
6. gitignore(5)

Kontrollfragen

Testfrage 1

Antwort1

Testfrage 2

Antwort2

Testfrage 3

Antwort3

Testfrage 4

Antwort4

Testfrage 5

Antwort5