keyctl

keyctl - Beschreibung

TMP

Kernel-Keyring einsehen

Zur Überprüfung, welche Passphrasen im Kernel-Keyring geladen sind, kann der Befehl keyctl verwendet werden.

$ keyctl list @u

Manpage

KEYCTL(1)              Linux Key Management Utilities              KEYCTL(1)

NAME
   keyctl - key management facility control

SYNOPSIS
   keyctl --version
   keyctl supports [<cap> | --raw]
   keyctl id [<keyring>]
   keyctl show [-x] [<keyring>]
   keyctl add [-x] <type> <desc>  <keyring>
   keyctl padd [-x] <type> <desc> <keyring>
   keyctl request <type> <desc> [<dest_keyring>]
   keyctl request2 <type> <desc> <info> [<dest_keyring>]
   keyctl prequest2 <type> <desc> [<dest_keyring>]
   keyctl update [-x] <key> 
   keyctl pupdate [-x] <key>
   keyctl newring <name> <keyring>
   keyctl revoke <key>
   keyctl clear <keyring>
   keyctl link <key> <keyring>
   keyctl unlink <key> [<keyring>]
   keyctl move [-f] <key> <from_keyring> <to_keyring>
   keyctl search <keyring> <type> <desc> [<dest_keyring>]
   keyctl restrict_keyring <keyring> [<type> [<restriction>]]
   keyctl read <key>
   keyctl pipe <key>
   keyctl print <key>
   keyctl list <keyring>
   keyctl rlist <keyring>
   keyctl describe <keyring>
   keyctl rdescribe <keyring> [sep]
   keyctl chown <key> <uid>
   keyctl chgrp <key> <gid>
   keyctl setperm <key> <mask>
   keyctl new_session [<name>]
   keyctl session
   keyctl session - [<prog> <arg1> <arg2> ...]
   keyctl session <name> [<prog> <arg1> <arg2> ...]
   keyctl instantiate [-x] <key>  <keyring>
   keyctl pinstantiate [-x] <key> <keyring>
   keyctl negate <key> <timeout> <keyring>
   keyctl reject <key> <timeout> <error> <keyring>
   keyctl timeout <key> <timeout>
   keyctl security <key>
   keyctl reap [-v]
   keyctl purge <type>
   keyctl purge [-i] [-p] <type> <desc>
   keyctl purge -s <type> <desc>
   keyctl get_persistent <keyring> [<uid>]
   keyctl dh_compute <private> <prime> <base>
   keyctl dh_compute_kdf <private> <prime> <base> <output_length> <hash_type>
   keyctl dh_compute_kdf_oi [-x] <private> <prime> <base> <output_length> <hash_type>
   keyctl pkey_query <key> <pass> [k=v]*
   keyctl pkey_encrypt <key> <pass> <datafile> [k=v]* ><encfile>
   keyctl pkey_decrypt <key> <pass> <encfile> [k=v]* ><datafile>
   keyctl pkey_sign <key> <pass> <datafile> [k=v]* ><sigfile>
   keyctl pkey_decrypt <key> <pass> <datafile> <sigfile> [k=v]*
   keyctl watch [-f<filters>] <key>
   keyctl watch_add <fd> <key>
   keyctl watch_rm <fd> <key>
   keyctl watch_session [-f <filters>] [-n <name>] \
           <notifylog> <gclog> <fd> <prog> [<arg1> <arg2> ...]

DESCRIPTION
   This program is used to control the key management facility in various ways using a variety of
   subcommands.

KEY IDENTIFIERS
   The key identifiers passed to or returned from keyctl are, in general, positive integers. There
   are, however, some special values with special meanings that can be passed as arguments:

   No key: 0

   Thread keyring: @t or -1
       Each thread may have its own keyring. This is searched first, before all others. The
       thread keyring is replaced by (v)fork, exec and clone.

   Process keyring: @p or -2
       Each process (thread group) may have its own keyring. This is shared between all members
       of a group and will be searched after the thread keyring. The process keyring is replaced
       by (v)fork and exec.

   Session keyring: @s or -3
       Each process subscribes to a session keyring that is inherited across (v)fork, exec and
       clone. This is searched after the process keyring. Session keyrings can be named and an
       extant keyring can be joined in place of a process's current session keyring.

   User specific keyring: @u or -4
       This keyring is shared between all the processes owned by a particular user. It isn't
       searched directly, but is normally linked to from the session keyring.

   User default session keyring: @us or -5
       This is the default session keyring for a particular user. Login processes that change to
       a particular user will bind to this session until another session is set.

   Group specific keyring: @g or -6
       This is a place holder for a group specific keyring, but is not actually implemented yet
       in the kernel.

   Assumed request_key authorisation key: @a or -7
       This selects the authorisation key provided to the request_key() helper to permit it to
       access the callers keyrings and instantiate the target key.

   Keyring by name: %:<name>
       A named keyring. This will be searched for in the process's keyrings and in /proc/keys.

   Key by name: %<type>:<name>
       A named key of the given type. This will be searched for in the process's keyrings and
       in /proc/keys.

COMMAND SYNTAX
   Any non-ambiguous shortening of a command name may be used in lieu of the full command name.
   This facility should not be used in scripting as new commands may be added in future that then
   cause ambiguity.

 Display the package version number
   keyctl --version

   This command prints the package version number and build date and exits:

       $ keyctl --version
       keyctl from keyutils-1.5.3 (Built 2011-08-24)

 Query subsystem capabilities
   keyctl supports
   keyctl supports --raw
   keyctl supports <cap>

   This command can list the available capabilities:

       $ keyctl supports
       have_capabilities=0
       have_persistent_keyrings=1
       have_dh_compute=1
       have_public_key=1

   produce a raw hex dump of the capabilities list:

       $ keyctl supports --raw
       ff0f

   or query a specific capability:

       $ keyctl supports pkey
       echo $?
       0

   which exits 0 if the capability is supported, 1 if it isn't and 3 if the name is not recognised.
   The capabilities supported are:

   capabilities
       The kernel supports capability querying. If not, the other capabilities will be queried
       as best libkeyutils can manage.

   persistent_keyrings
       The kernel supports persistent keyrings.

   dh_compute
       The kernel supports Diffie-Hellman computation operations.

   public_key
       The kernel supports public key operations.

   big_key_type
       The kernel supports the big_key key type.

   key_invalidate
       The kernel supports the invalidate key operaiton.

   restrict_keyring
       The kernel supports the restrict_keyring operation.

   move_key
       The kernel supports the move key operation.

   ns_keyring_name
       Keyring names are segregated according to the user-namespace in which the keyrings are
       created.

   ns_key_tag
       Keys can get tagged with namespace tags, allowing keys with the same type and descrip‐
       tion, but different namespaces to coexist in the same keyring. Tagging is done automati‐
       cally according to the key type.

 Show actual key or keyring ID
   keyctl id [<key>]

   This command looks up the real ID of a key or keyring from the identifier given, which is typi‐
   cally a symbolic ID such as "@s" indicating the session keyring, but can also be a numeric ID or
   "%type:desc" notation. If a special keyring is specified that isn't created yet, an error will
   be given rather than causing that keyring to be created.

 Show process keyrings
   keyctl show [-x] [<keyring>]

   By default this command recursively shows what keyrings a process is subscribed to and what keys
   and keyrings they contain. If a keyring is specified then that keyring will be dumped instead.
   If -x is specified then the keyring IDs will be dumped in hex instead of decimal.

 Add a key to a keyring
   keyctl add [-x] <type> <desc>  <keyring>
   keyctl padd [-x] <type> <desc> <keyring>

   This command creates a key of the specified type and description; instantiates it with the given
   data and attaches it to the specified keyring. It then prints the new key's ID on stdout:

       $ keyctl add user mykey stuff @u
       26

   The padd variant of the command reads the data from stdin rather than taking it from the command
   line:

       $ echo -n stuff | keyctl padd user mykey @u 26

   If -x is given, then the data is hex-decoded with whitespace being discarded.

 Request a key
   keyctl request <type> <desc> [<dest_keyring>]
   keyctl request2 <type> <desc> <info> [<dest_keyring>]
   keyctl prequest2 <type> <desc> [<dest_keyring>]

   These three commands request the lookup of a key of the given type and description. The
   process's keyrings will be searched, and if a match is found the matching key's ID will be
   printed to stdout; and if a destination keyring is given, the key will be added to that keyring
   also.

   If there is no key, the first command will simply return the error ENOKEY and fail. The second
   and third commands will create a partial key with the type and description, and call out to
   /sbin/request-key with that key and the extra information supplied. This will then attempt to
   instantiate the key in some manner, such that a valid key is obtained.

   The third command is like the second, except that the callout information is read from stdin
   rather than being passed on the command line.

   If a valid key is obtained, the ID will be printed and the key attached as if the original
   search had succeeded.

   If there wasn't a valid key obtained, a temporary negative key will be attached to the destina‐
   tion keyring if given and the error "Requested key not available" will be given.

       $ keyctl request2 user debug:hello wibble
       23
       $ echo -n wibble | keyctl prequest2 user debug:hello
       23
       $ keyctl request user debug:hello
       23

 Update a key
   keyctl update [-x] <key> 
   keyctl pupdate [-x] <key>

   This command replaces the data attached to a key with a new set of data. If the type of the key
   doesn't support update then error "Operation not supported" will be returned.

       $ keyctl update 23 zebra

   The pupdate variant of the command reads the data from stdin rather than taking it from the com‐
   mand line:

       $ echo -n zebra | keyctl pupdate 23
       $ echo 616263313233 | keyctl pupdate -x 23

   If -x is given, then the data is hex-decoded with whitespace being discarded.

 Create a keyring
   keyctl newring <name> <keyring>

   This command creates a new keyring of the specified name and attaches it to the specified
   keyring. The ID of the new keyring will be printed to stdout if successful.

       $ keyctl newring squelch @us
       27

 Revoke a key
   keyctl revoke <key>

   This command marks a key as being revoked. Any further operations on that key (apart from un‐
   linking it) will return error "Key has been revoked".

       $ keyctl revoke 26
       $ keyctl describe 26
       keyctl_describe: Key has been revoked

 Clear a keyring
   keyctl clear <keyring>

   This command unlinks all the keys attached to the specified keyring. Error "Not a directory"
   will be returned if the key specified is not a keyring.

       $ keyctl clear 27

 Link a key to a keyring
   keyctl link <key> <keyring>

   This command makes a link from the key to the keyring if there's enough capacity to do so. Error
   "Not a directory" will be returned if the destination is not a keyring. Error "Permission de‐
   nied" will be returned if the key doesn't have link permission or the keyring doesn't have write
   permission. Error "File table overflow" will be returned if the keyring is full. Error "Resource
   deadlock avoided" will be returned if an attempt was made to introduce a recursive link.

       $ keyctl link 23 27
       $ keyctl link 27 27
       keyctl_link: Resource deadlock avoided

 Unlink a key from a keyring or the session keyring tree
   keyctl unlink <key> [<keyring>]

   If the keyring is specified, this command removes a link to the key from the keyring. Error "Not
   a directory" will be returned if the destination is not a keyring. Error "Permission denied"
   will be returned if the keyring doesn't have write permission. Error "No such file or directory"
   will be returned if the key is not linked to by the keyring.

   If the keyring is not specified, this command performs a depth-first search of the session
   keyring tree and removes all the links to the nominated key that it finds (and that it is per‐
   mitted to remove). It prints the number of successful unlinks before exiting.

       $ keyctl unlink 23 27

 Move a key between keyrings.
   keyctl move [-f] <key> <from_keyring> <to_keyring>

   This command moves a key from one keyring to another, atomically combining "keyctl unlink <key>
   <from_keyring>" and "keyctl link <key> <to_keyring>".

   If the "-f" flag is present, any matching key will be displaced from "to_keyring"; if not
   present, the command will fail with the error message "File exists" if the key would otherwise
   displace another key from "to_keyring".

       $ keyctl move 23 27 29
       $ keyctl move -f 71 @u @s

 Search a keyring
   keyctl search <keyring> <type> <desc> [<dest_keyring>]

   This command non-recursively searches a keyring for a key of a particular type and description.
   If found, the ID of the key will be printed on stdout and the key will be attached to the desti‐
   nation keyring if present. Error "Requested key not available" will be returned if the key is
   not found.

       $ keyctl search @us user debug:hello
       23
       $ keyctl search @us user debug:bye
       keyctl_search: Requested key not available

 Restrict a keyring
   keyctl restrict_keyring <keyring> [<type> [<restriction>]]

   This command limits the linkage of keys to the given keyring using a provided restriction
   scheme. The scheme is associated with a given key type, with further details provided in the re‐
   striction option string. Options typically contain a restriction name possibly followed by key
   ids or other data relevant to the restriction. If no restriction scheme is provided, the keyring
   will reject all links.

       $ keyctl restrict_keyring $1 asymmetric builtin_trusted

 Read a key
   keyctl read <key>
   keyctl pipe <key>
   keyctl print <key>

   These commands read the payload of a key. "read" prints it on stdout as a hex dump, "pipe" dumps
   the raw data to stdout and "print" dumps it to stdout directly if it's entirely printable or as
   a hexdump preceded by ":hex:" if not.

   If the key type does not support reading of the payload, then error "Operation not supported"
   will be returned.

       $ keyctl read 26
       1 bytes of data in key:
       62
       $ keyctl print 26
       b
       $ keyctl pipe 26
       $

 List a keyring
   keyctl list <keyring>
   keyctl rlist <keyring>

   These commands list the contents of a key as a keyring. "list" pretty prints the contents and
   "rlist" just produces a space-separated list of key IDs.

   No attempt is made to check that the specified keyring is a keyring.

       $ keyctl list @us
       2 keys in keyring:
          22: vrwsl---------- 4043  -1 keyring: _uid.4043
          23: vrwsl---------- 4043 4043 user: debug:hello
       $ keyctl rlist @us
       22 23

 Describe a key
   keyctl describe <keyring>
   keyctl rdescribe <keyring> [sep]

   These commands fetch a description of a keyring. "describe" pretty prints the description in the
   same fashion as the "list" command; "rdescribe" prints the raw data returned from the kernel.

       $ keyctl describe @us
          -5: vrwsl---------- 4043  -1 keyring: _uid_ses.4043
       $ keyctl rdescribe @us
       keyring;4043;-1;3f1f0000;_uid_ses.4043

   The raw string is "<type>;<uid>;<gid>;<perms>;<description>", where uid and gid are the decimal
   user and group IDs, perms is the permissions mask in hex, type and description are the type name
   and description strings (neither of which will contain semicolons).

 Change the access controls on a key
   keyctl chown <key> <uid>
   keyctl chgrp <key> <gid>

   These two commands change the UID and GID associated with evaluating a key's permissions mask.
   The UID also governs which quota a key is taken out of.

   The chown command is not currently supported; attempting it will earn the error "Operation not
   supported" at best.

   For non-superuser users, the GID may only be set to the process's GID or a GID in the process's
   groups list. The superuser may set any GID it likes.

       $ sudo keyctl chown 27 0
       keyctl_chown: Operation not supported
       $ sudo keyctl chgrp 27 0

 Set the permissions mask on a key
   keyctl setperm <key> <mask>

   This command changes the permission control mask on a key. The mask may be specified as a hex
   number if it begins "0x", an octal number if it begins "0" or a decimal number otherwise.

   The hex numbers are a combination of:

       Possessor UID    GID    Other   Permission Granted
       ======== ======== ======== ======== ==================
       01000000 00010000 00000100 00000001 View
       02000000 00020000 00000200 00000002 Read
       04000000 00040000 00000400 00000004 Write
       08000000 00080000 00000800 00000008 Search
       10000000 00100000 00001000 00000010 Link
       20000000 00200000 00002000 00000020 Set Attribute
       3f000000 003f0000 00003f00 0000003f All

   View permits the type, description and other parameters of a key to be viewed.

   Read permits the payload (or keyring list) to be read if supported by the type.

   Write permits the payload (or keyring list) to be modified or updated.

   Search on a key permits it to be found when a keyring to which it is linked is searched.

   Link permits a key to be linked to a keyring.

   Set Attribute permits a key to have its owner, group membership, permissions mask and timeout
   changed.

       $ keyctl setperm 27 0x1f1f1f00

 Start a new session with fresh keyrings
   keyctl session
   keyctl session - [<prog> <arg1> <arg2> ...]
   keyctl session <name> [<prog> <arg1> <arg2> ...]

   These commands join or create a new keyring and then run a shell or other program with that
   keyring as the session key.

   The variation with no arguments just creates an anonymous session keyring and attaches that as
   the session keyring; it then exec's $SHELL.

   The variation with a dash in place of a name creates an anonymous session keyring and attaches
   that as the session keyring; it then exec's the supplied command, or $SHELL if one isn't sup‐
   plied.

   The variation with a name supplied creates or joins the named keyring and attaches that as the
   session keyring; it then exec's the supplied command, or $SHELL if one isn't supplied.

       $ keyctl rdescribe @s
       keyring;4043;-1;3f1f0000;_uid_ses.4043

       $ keyctl session
       Joined session keyring: 28

       $ keyctl rdescribe @s
       keyring;4043;4043;3f1f0000;_ses.24082

       $ keyctl session -
       Joined session keyring: 29
       $ keyctl rdescribe @s
       keyring;4043;4043;3f1f0000;_ses.24139

       $ keyctl session - keyctl rdescribe @s
       Joined session keyring: 30
       keyring;4043;4043;3f1f0000;_ses.24185

       $ keyctl session fish
       Joined session keyring: 34
       $ keyctl rdescribe @s
       keyring;4043;4043;3f1f0000;fish

       $ keyctl session fish keyctl rdesc @s
       Joined session keyring: 35
       keyring;4043;4043;3f1f0000;fish

 Instantiate a key
   keyctl instantiate [-x] <key>  <keyring>
   keyctl pinstantiate [-x] <key> <keyring>
   keyctl negate <key> <timeout> <keyring>
   keyctl reject <key> <timeout> <error> <keyring>

   These commands are used to attach data to a partially set up key (as created by the kernel and
   passed to /sbin/request-key). "instantiate" marks a key as being valid and attaches the data as
   the payload. "negate" and "reject" mark a key as invalid and sets a timeout on it so that it'll
   go away after a while. This prevents a lot of quickly sequential requests from slowing the sys‐
   tem down overmuch when they all fail, as all subsequent requests will then fail with error "Re‐
   quested key not found" (if negated) or the specified error (if rejected) until the negative key
   has expired.

   Reject's error argument can either be a UNIX error number or one of 'rejected', 'expired' or
   'revoked'.

   The newly instantiated key will be attached to the specified keyring.

   These commands may only be run from the program run by request-key - a special authorisation key
   is set up by the kernel and attached to the request-key's session keyring. This special key is
   revoked once the key to which it refers has been instantiated one way or another.

       $ keyctl instantiate $1 "Debug $3" $4
       $ keyctl negate $1 30 $4
       $ keyctl reject $1 30 64 $4

   The pinstantiate variant of the command reads the data from stdin rather than taking it from the
   command line:

       $ echo -n "Debug $3" | keyctl pinstantiate $1 $4

   If -x is given, then the data is hex-decoded with whitespace being discarded:

       $ echo 01 02 03 04 | keyctl pinstantiate -x $1 $4

 Set the expiry time on a key
   keyctl timeout <key> <timeout>

   This command is used to set the timeout on a key, or clear an existing timeout if the value
   specified is zero. The timeout is given as a number of seconds into the future.

       $ keyctl timeout $1 45

 Retrieve a key's security context
   keyctl security <key>

   This command is used to retrieve a key's LSM security context. The label is printed on stdout.

       $ keyctl security @s
       unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023

 Give the parent process a new session keyring
   keyctl new_session [<name>]

   This command is used to give the invoking process (typically a shell) a new session keyring,
   discarding its old session keyring. If a name is given, the keyring is given that name, other‐
   wise it will be given a name of "_ses" and will not be manually joinable.

       $ keyctl session foo
       Joined session keyring: 723488146
       $ keyctl show
       Session Keyring
          -3 --alswrv   0   0 keyring: foo
       $ keyctl new_session
       490511412
       $ keyctl show
       Session Keyring
          -3 --alswrv   0   0 keyring: _ses

   Note that this affects the parent of the process that invokes the system call, and so may only
   affect processes with matching credentials. Furthermore, the change does not take effect till
   the parent process next transitions from kernel space to user space - typically when the wait()
   system call returns.

 Remove dead keys from the session keyring tree
   keyctl reap

   This command performs a depth-first search of the caller's session keyring tree and attempts to
   unlink any key that it finds that is inaccessible due to expiry, revocation, rejection or nega‐
   tion.  It does not attempt to remove live keys that are unavailable simply due to a lack of
   granted permission.

   A key that is designated reapable will only be removed from a keyring if the caller has Write
   permission on that keyring, and only keyrings that grant Search permission to the caller will be
   searched.

   The command prints the number of keys reaped before it exits. If the -v flag is passed then the
   reaped keys are listed as they're being reaped, together with the success or failure of the un‐
   link.

 Remove matching keys from the session keyring tree
   keyctl purge <type>
   keyctl purge [-i] [-p] <type> <desc>
   keyctl purge -s <type> <desc>

   These commands perform a depth-first search to find matching keys in the caller's session
   keyring tree and attempts to unlink them. The number of keys successfully unlinked is printed
   at the end.

   The keyrings must grant Read and View permission to the caller to be searched, and the keys to
   be removed must also grant View permission. Keys can only be removed from keyrings that grant
   Write permission.

   The first variant purges all keys of the specified type.

   The second variant purges all keys of the specified type that also match the given description
   literally. The -i flag allows a case-independent match and the -p flag allows a prefix match.

   The third variant purges all keys of the specified type and matching description using the key
   type's comparator in the kernel to match the description. This permits the key type to match a
   key with a variety of descriptions.

 Get persistent keyring
   keyctl get_persistent <keyring> [<uid>]

   This command gets the persistent keyring for either the current UID or the specified UID and at‐
   taches it to the nominated keyring. The persistent keyring's ID will be printed on stdout.

   The kernel will create the keyring if it doesn't exist and every time this command is called,
   will reset the expiration timeout on the keyring to the value in:

       /proc/sys/kernel/keys/persistent_keyring_expiry

   (by default three days). Should the timeout be reached, the persistent keyring will be removed
   and everything it pins can then be garbage collected.

   If a UID other than the process's real or effective UIDs is specified, then an error will be
   given if the process does not have the CAP_SETUID capability.

 Compute a Diffie-Hellman shared secret or public key
   keyctl dh_compute <private> <prime> <base>

   This command computes either a Diffie-Hellman shared secret or the public key corresponding to
   the provided private key using the payloads of three keys. The computation is:

       base ^ private (mod prime)

   The three inputs must be user keys with read permission. If the provided base key contains the
   shared generator value, the public key will be computed. If the provided base key contains the
   remote public key value, the shared secret will be computed.

   The result is printed to stdout as a hex dump.

       $ keyctl dh_compute $1 $2 $3
       8 bytes of data in result:
       00010203 04050607

 Compute a Diffie-Hellman shared secret and derive key material
   keyctl dh_compute_kdf <private> <prime> <base> <output_length> <hash_type>

   This command computes a Diffie-Hellman shared secret and derives key material from the shared
   secret using a key derivation function (KDF). The shared secret is derived as outlined above
   and is input to the KDF using the specified hash type. The hash type must point to a hash name
   known to the kernel crypto API.

   The operation derives key material of the length specified by the caller.

   The operation is compliant to the specification of SP800-56A.

   The result is printed to stdout as hex dump.

 Compute a Diffie-Hellman shared secret and apply KDF with other input
   keyctl dh_compute_kdf_oi [-x] <private> <prime> <base> <output_length> <hash_type>

   This command is identical to the command dh_compute_kdf to generate a Diffie-Hellman shared se‐
   cret followed by a key derivation operation. This command allows the caller to provide the other
   input data (OI data) compliant to SP800-56A via stdin.

   If -x is given, then the data passed to stdin is hex-decoded with whitespace being discarded.

 Perform public-key operations with an asymmetric key
   keyctl pkey_query <key> <pass> [k=v]*
   keyctl pkey_encrypt <key> <pass> <datafile> [k=v]* > <encfile>
   keyctl pkey_decrypt <key> <pass> <encfile> [k=v]* > <datafile>
   keyctl pkey_sign <key> <pass> <datafile> [k=v]* > <sigfile>
   keyctl pkey_verify <key> <pass> <datafile> <sigfile> [k=v]*

   These commands query an asymmetric key, encrypt data with it, decrypt the encrypted data, gener‐
   ate a signature over some data and verify that signature. For encrypt, decrypt and sign, the
   resulting data is written to stdout; verify reads the data and the signature files and compares
   them.

   [!] NOTE that the data is of very limited capacity, with no more bits than the size of the key.
   For signatures, the caller is expected to digest the actual data and pass in the result of the
   digest as the datafile. The name of the digest should be specified on the end of the command
   line as "hash=<name>".

   The key ID indicates the key to use; pass is a placeholder for future password provision and
   should be "0" for the moment; datafile is the unencrypted data to be encrypted, signed or to
   have its signature checked; encfile is a file containing encrypted data; and sigfile is a file
   containing a signature.

   A list of parameters in "key[=val]" form can be included on the end of the command line.  These
   specify  things  like  the digest algorithm used ("hash=<name>") or the encoding form
   ("enc=<type>").

       k=`keyctl padd asymmetric "" @s <key.pkcs8.der`
       keyctl pkey_query $k 0 enc=pkcs1 hash=sha256
       keyctl pkey_encrypt $k 0 foo.hash enc=pkcs1 >foo.enc
       keyctl pkey_decrypt $k 0 foo.enc enc=pkcs1 >foo.hash
       keyctl pkey_sign $k 0 foo.hash enc=pkcs1 hash=sha256 >foo.sig
       keyctl pkey_verify $k 0 foo.hash foo.sig enc=pkcs1 hash=sha256

   See asymmetric-key(7) for more information.

 Change notifications
   keyctl watch [-f<filters>] <key>
   keyctl watch_session [-f <filters>] [-n <name>] \
           <notifylog> <gclog> <fd> <prog> [<arg1> <arg2> ...] keyctl watch_add <fd> <key>
   keyctl watch_rm <fd> <key>

   The watch command watches a single key, printing notifications to stdout until the key is de‐
   stroyed.  Filters can be employed to cut down the events that will be delivered. The filter
   string is a series of letters, each one of which enables a particular event subtype:

       i - The key has been instantiated
       p - The key has been updated
       l - A link has been added to a keyring
       n - A link has been removed from a keyring
       c - A keyring has been cleared
       r - A key has been revoked
       v - A key has been invalidated
       s - A key has had its attributes changed

   The output of the command looks like:

       <keyid> <event> [<aux>]

   Where keyid is the primary subject of the notification, op is the event and aux is the secondary
   key if there is one (such as link where the primary key is the keyring secondary key is the key
   being linked in to it). For example:

       255913279 link 340681059
       255913279 clr

   An additional notication is generated when a key being watched is garbage collected, e.g.:

       255913279 gc

   The watch_session command creates a new session keyring, with name name if given, watches it for
   notifications and runs program prog with it. The program is given the specified arguments.

   A second process is forked off to monitor the notifications. The output from that is directed
   to the files notifylog for most notifications and gclog for key removal notifications (which are
   asynchronous and may be deferred).

   The watch_queue(7) device is exported to the program attached to fd number fd. This can be
   passed by the other two commands.

   The watch_add command adds a watch on key to the watch_queue attached to fd as exported by
   watch_session and the watch_rm caommand removes it. A watch_queue can handle multiple keys and
   even non-keys sources as well.

ERRORS
   There are a number of common errors returned by this program:

   "Not a directory" - a key wasn't a keyring.

   "Requested key not found" - the looked for key isn't available.

   "Key has been revoked" - a revoked key was accessed.

   "Key has expired" - an expired key was accessed.

   "Permission denied" - permission was denied by a UID/GID/mask combination.

SEE ALSO
   keyctl(1), keyctl(2), request_key(2), keyctl(3), request-key.conf(5), keyrings(7),
   request-key(8)

Linux                     20 Feb 2014                   KEYCTL(1)